Endocrine System
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| What is the endocrine system responsible for? | Maintain homeostasis through hormones, growth and development, regulate calcium and phosphate, maintain blood sugar levels, regulate the ability to reproduce, determine how fast cells burn food for energy.
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| Hypothyroidism can be caused by a lack of ________. | Iodine
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| Hypersecretion of parathormone results in _________. | The development of renal calculi
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| Hyposecretion of parathormone results in _________. | Severe muscle spasms
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| What syndrome is characterized by hyperglycemia and edema? | Cushing's syndrome
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| What is one major characteristic of Addison's disease? | Dehydration
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| Obesity is a major predisposing factor for __________. | Diabates
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| Daily insulin injections are used to treat Type _____ Diabetes. | 1
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| The medical term for low blood sugar is ______________. | Hypoglycemia
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| _________ occurs when insulin is insufficient for metabolic needs. | Hyperglycemia
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| What would you need to obtain to test someone's acetone levels? | A urine specimen
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| What is hyperthyroidism? | The overproduction of the hormone thyroxine from the thyroid gland which causes the body processes to speed up and metabolism to increase.
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| What is Type 1 Diabetes? | A chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
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| What is Type 2 Diabetes? | Chronic disorder affecting carbohydrate, lipid, & protein metabolism from defective/deficient insulin secretion/use
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| What causes Type 1 Diabetes? | The body no longer makes insulin because the body's own immune system has attacked and destroyed the cells where insulin is made.
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| What causes Type 2 Diabetes? | Heredity, being overweight and having a sedentary lifestyle
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| The chance of obtaining diabetes mellitus will ________ with age. | Increase
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| What is a 'diabetic coma'? | A life-threatening diabetes complication that causes unconsciousness. If you have a dangerously high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) or dangerously low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) it can lead to a diabetic coma. Hyperglycemia is most common.
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| What is 'diabetic shock'? | Severe hypoglycemia; consequence of too much insulin. It can occur anytime there is an imbalance between the insulin in your system, the amount of food you eat, or your level of physical activity.
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| What are some severe complications of Diabetes? | Blindness, gangrene, amputations, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, skin conditions and hearing impairment
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| Type ____ diabetes is considered to be reaching epidemic levels due to obesity concerns and sedentary lifestyles. | 2
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| List some signs/symptoms of hyperthyroidism. | Weight loss, rapid pulse, irritability, restlessness, increased appetite, heat sensitivity, hypertension, protruding eyes, enlarged thyroid gland, inability to concentrate, weakness, difficulty sleeping, fine/brittle hair, itching, nausea and vomiting
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| What signs/symptoms would you see in someone who is worried about Type 2 Diabetes? | Tires easily. skin infections, slow healing, itching, itching of the vulva, burning urination, pain in fingers/toes, and vision changes.
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| How would you treat a hypoglycemic patient? | Administer orange juice, milk, or another form of easily absorbed carbohydrate.
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| What signs/symptoms would you notice in a patient with hyperglycemia? | Early headache, drowsy, confused, sweet/fruity breath, deep breathing, full-bounding pulse, hypotension, nausea/vomiting, flushed-dry-hot skin
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| What is glucagon? | The hormone that lowers blood sugar levels.
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| What converts glucose to glycogen in the liver? | Insulin
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| What is the medical term for excessive urination? | Polyuria
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| What is the medical term for excessive thirst? | Polydipsia
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| What is the medical term for excessive hunger? | Polyphagia
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| What is the medical term for sugar in the urine? | Glycusuria
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| What is hypothyroidism? | A condition in which the body lacks the thyroid hormone, causing body processes to slow down.
Often caused by Hashimoto's disease
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| What is the "master gland"? | The pituitary gland
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| What is the difference between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland? | The anterior (front) lobe releases hormones and the posterior (back) lobe stores hormones for when they are needed.
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| What do thyroid hormones control? | Regulate metabolism and growth.
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| What do the adrenal glands secrete? (4 hormones) | Adrenaline (epinephrine)
noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
aldosterone
cortisol
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| What does aldosterone do for the body? | Regulates the balance of sodium, potassium and water.
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| What does cortisol (hydrocortisone) do for the body? | Maintains metabolism by regulating the amount of glucose (natural sugar) in the blood.
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| What important hormone is secreted in the pancreas? | Insulin
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| What are some normal age-related changes for the endocrine system? | Estrogen and progesterone decrease (menopause), testosterone levels decrease but do not completely stop, insulin production decreases, and the body is less able to handle stress.
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| produced by beta cells & is co-secreted with insulin when gluco levels are elevated. Acts on the brain to decrease postmeal glucagon release* Decreases liver glucose production* acts as a satiety factor to decrease food intake* Slows gastric emptying | Amylin
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| Insulin | small protein secreted by pancreatic beta-cells in response to elevated blood glucose levels
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| "Hormone of starvation” Small hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells Prevents hypoglycemia“ Counter-regulatory hormone | Glucagon
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| Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young” MODY •Insulin lack without beta-cell loss/Genetic defect of beta-cells •Normal weight•Onset between 20-25 •Autosomal dominant high penetrance •Management requires insulin •Ketoacidosis is common | Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus
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| Diabetic Ketoacidosis(DKA) | severe insulin lack with hyperglycemia
primary use of fats for fuel
build-up of acetyl-CoA
lack of 3-carbon molecules (glycerols)
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| insulin dependent diabetes mellitus juvenile DM | Type 1 dibetes mellitus (T1DM)
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| Thyroid Crisis (“Storm”) | Super excessive secretion of T-3 & T-4leading to severe hypermetabolic state characterized by fever, psychosis, hypertension and seizure activity.
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| Strong Iodine Solution - Lugol’s Solution 5% iodine & 10% KI (oral) suppresses thyroid activity by:- decreasing iodine uptake- preventing iodination of tyrosine and join of tyrosine Sodium iodide (IV) Potassium iodide -SSKI (oral) | Thyroid Crisis: Management
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