OCR biology - animal behaviour
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| What is behaviour? | The responses of an organism to its environment that increase the chance of survival
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| What is innate behaviour? | Genetically determined, inherited, not learned, similar among members of a species, always performed in the same way to a certain stimulus, unintelligent (6)
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| Which organisms is innate behaviour used predominantly by? | Invertebrates mainly use innate behaviour: solitary, don't care for young, short life spans
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| What are the advantages of innate behaviour to organisms? | Escape reflex - to escape predators. Kinesis - to locate favourable conditions. Taxes - to locate food, favourable conditions.
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| What is a reflex + eg? | An involuntary response to a stimulus - escape reflex allows an organism to escape predators e.g. earthworm withdraws underground upon detecting vibrations
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| What is a kinesis + eg? | Non-directional orientation behaviour in which rate of movement increases in unfavourable conditions, extent of increase depends on intensity of stimulus. Woodlice move rapidly + randomly in BRIGHT/ DRY condition until they reach DARK/ DAMP conditions
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| What is a taxis + eg? | Directional orientation behaviour - phototaxis, chemotaxis - positive/ negative. Nematode worm has chemoreceptors in its lips that detect chemical concentrations in air, then it moves up/ down concentration gradient
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| How can complex innate behaviours be achieved + eg? | Linking together a seires of innate behaviours e.g. waggle dance by worker honey bees communicates the distance and direction of a food source - 1s of dance =1km of distance, angle between vertical and waggle = direction
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| What is learned behaviour? | Determined by genes+ environment, not passed to offpsring by reproduction (maybe by reproduction), adapted by experience/ changing conditions, varies between members of the same species, intelligent
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| Which type of organisms use learned behaviour most? | Animals with long lifespans, live in groups, care for young e.g. mammals
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| List the types of learned behaviour | Habituation, imprinting, classical condition, operant conditions, latent learning, insight learning
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| What is habitutation +eg? | Animal learns to not respond to a stimulus because repeated exposure results in neither reward or punishment e.g. birds learn to ignore a scarecrow
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| What is imprinting + eg? | Young animals become attached to "imprinted on" the first moving thing they see after birth, usually the parent, occurs in sensitive period. Allows them to gain food/ protection + learn skills from parent
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| What is classical conditioning? | Animal learns to associate a pair of events, responds to a conditioned stimulus (previously a neutral stimulus) with a new conditioned response (reflex action), passive, involuntary
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| Give an example of classical conditioning | Pavlov. Before conditioning: US (food)-> UR (salivating), NS doesn't cause the response. During conditioning: US + NS (bell) -> UR. After conditioning: CS (bell) -> CR (salivating)
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| What is operant conditioning? | Where an animal learns to associate an operation with a reward / punishment (reinforce) which changes the frequency of the behaviour. Active, voluntary, requires trial and error
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| Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning *** | Similarities: animals learn to associate 2 things.... Differences: CC is passive, involuntary and creates a new reflex action, while OC is active, voluntary and requeris trial and error
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| What is latent learning? | Where an animal explores + retains information about its surroundings that isn't immediately useful but may be essential for survival int eh future e.g. to escape predators
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| What is insight learning? | The highest form of learning, the ability to think and reason in order to solve problems that don't resemble reflex responses or require trial and error, the solution is remembered
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| Define social behaviour | The interaction between species that live in a group, with defined roles for each member
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| Describe the social organisation in chimpanzees | Fission-fusion groups of 10, community of 50. Males remain in natal groups, females emigrate at sexual maturity. Hierarchy: members have defined statuses/roles, higher status = better access to mates/ food. 1 alpha male, adult males dominate, male status
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| Describe the maternal care in chimpanzees | Infants can't initially support their own body weight + have poor grasping reflex. Continual ventral-ventral contact for first 30 days, almost continual contact for next 2 years. Wean at age 4-5
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| Describe communication in chimpanzees | Vocal communication for greeting, altering other chimpanzees to food/ danger, pant hoot is unique to each individual. Body stance - aggressive (bipedal), submissive (crouching, extending a hand). Facial expressions - barred teeth = fear. Friendly physical
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| What are the advantages of social behaviour in chimpanzees? | Group protection and maternal care improves survival chance of few offspring. Infants acquire learned behaviour by observing/ interacting with other members. Group is better at detecting/ deterring predators. Share knowledge of food supplies
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| What is dopamine + what is it a precursor for? | Hormone + neurotransmitter, precursor for adrenaline + noradrenaline
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| What are high/ normal/ low levels of dopamine linked to? | High - psychosis e.g. schizophrenia. Normal - arousal, creativity. Low - Parkinson's disease (treatment with L-dopa is linked to compulsive gambling)
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| Define: psychosis | Mental health condition, characterised by impaired perception, impulse control and understanding of reality
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| How many dopamine receptors are there? What effects do they have? | 5, each coded for by a different gene, each has many alleles. The amount and effects of dopamine in the brain are determined by the receptor type.
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| How do the variants of the DRD4 gene differ and what are certain variants linked to? | Different alleles have different numbers of tandem repeats. Some alleles are linked to: ADHD, risk-taking, addictive behaviours (smoking, gambling)
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