Anatomy Urinary Test
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| Functions of urinary system | Elimination of waste products, regulate aspects of homeostasis.
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| Organs of the urinary system | Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
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| Location of the Kidneys | Against the dorsal body wall. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left (due to position of the liver).
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| Purpose of adipose capsule | Holds kidney in place while acting as a cushion and protecting the kidneys from any harmful blows or injuries.
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| Normal/ Abnormal urine contains... | Normal - Sodium, potassium ions, urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonia, bicarbonate ions.
Abnormal - Glucose, blood proteins, red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells (pus), bile.
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| Pigment of urine | Yellow color due to the pigment urochrome (from the destruction of hemoglobin) and sodium.
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| Describe urine - in terms of medical diagnosis | Sterile, slightly aromatic, normal pH of around 6, specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035
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| Purpose of bladder - made of what type of muscle | Temporary storage tank for urine; Three layers of smooth muscle collectively called the destusor muscle; smooth, collapsible, muscular sac.
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| What does trigone refer to? | Triangular region of the bladder base. 3 regions of the bladder: urethra at the bottom, two ureters on either side.
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| Describe the urethra, (2) sphincters, which are voluntary/involuntary - type of muscle | Urethra - Thin walled tube that carries urine from bladder to the outside of body by peristalsis.
2 sphincters
Internal urethra sphincter: Involuntary, made of smooth muscle.
External urethra sphincter: Voluntary, made of skeletal muscle.
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| Gender difference associated with the urethra | Males are longer (8 inches) and also allow the passage of sperm.
Women are about 1.5 inches long and are more prone to UTI due to length.
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| Normal amount of water in the human body | Young Adult Female: 50%
Young Adult Males: 60%
Babies: 75%
Elderly: 45%
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| Distribution of body fluid: what % comes from where? | Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid inside cells, about 2/3 of body fluid.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cell, interstital fluid, blood plasma.
W/male ICF=40%, ECF=20% Interstital 20% Plasma 80%
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| Maintaining water balance: source for water intake/source of water output | Intake: ingested food & fluids, water produced from enetabolic processes.
Output: Vaporization out of the lungs, lost in perspiration, leaves the body in the feces, urine production.
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| Purpose of ADH | Prevents excessive water loss in urine, causes the kidneys collecting ducts to reabsorb more water.
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| Blood pH: Acidosis/ alkalosis | Acidosis: pH below 7.35
Alkalosis: pH above 7.45
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| How is pH maintained - mechanisms | Most acid-base balance is maintained by the kidneys, other acid-base controlling systems: Blood buffers, respiration.
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| Developmental aspects of the urinary system | *Functional kidneys are developed by the third month
~urinary system of a new born
*bladder is small
*urine cannot be concentrated for first 2 months
*void 5 to 40 times per day
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| Aging and urinary system | Progressive decline in urine function, the bladder shrinks and loses bladder tone with aging.
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| Nephron | Structural, functioning unit of the kidney
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| 3 phases of the urine formation process | Filtration: water and solubles filtered through kidney.
Reabsorption: taking back the good things.
Secretion: riding the body of toxins, drugs, and wastes
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| Examples of materials not reabsorbed | Toxins, drugs, and other wastes.
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