Stack #220361
Help!
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| What is the definition of Personality? | A persons unique and relatively stable pattern of cognition, emotion and behavior.
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| what can your persona be called? | a mask
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| where does your "personality" come from? | genetics, environment
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| what are self-report tests? | individual answers to questions about behavior, attitudes, etc, ex myers briggs
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| what are projective tests? | individual responses to ambiguous stimuli- responses "reveal" personality, ex rorschach inkblot test, thematic apperception test
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| freud dreams | dreams full of sexual symbols, dreams provide outlet for otherwise unacceptable impulses
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| three "psychic structures" | Id, Superego, Ego
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| Id | -instinctual drives
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| superego | social standards of right and wrong, desires to do "correct" behavior, "moral principal"
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| ego | mediates between id and superego, desires behavior to satisfy id and superego, "reality principal"
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| defense mechanisms | projection, reaction formation, displacement
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| projection | see your own problems in someone else, ex "he seems to be a very hostile person", "she is really promiscuous"
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| reaction formation | your actions say differently than your words, "i dont find him attractive at all (even though you flirt)", "i think all porn should be outlawed (even though you look at it)"
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| displacement | primarily with aggressive impulses, mad at professor, yell at roommate; mad at boss, spank child
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| libido | sexual "energy" in need of gratification/outlet
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| erotogenic zones | mouth, anus, genitals
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| id vs superego conflicts early in life | id instinctual drives vs social standards of right and wrong
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| oral stage | birth to 2 years, libido gratification: mouth, conflict: weaning from breastfeeding, if weaned harshly: pessimistic, envious, suspicious; if overindulged: optimistic, easygoing, gullible
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| anal stage | 2 to 3 years, libido gratification: anus, conflict: toilet training, if trained harshly: anal retentive personality; if overindulged: anal expulsive personality
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| phallic stage | 3 to 5 years, libido gratification: genitals, conflict: sexual attraction to opposite sex parent: penis envy, castration anxiety AND oedipus complex: son feelings for mother, electra complex: daughter feelings for mother
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| latency stage | 6 to puberty, repression of sexual impulses
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| genital stage | puberty onward, libido gratification: sexual relationships
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| psychosexual development | oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
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| conclusions on freud: positive | sexual and aggressive impulses, childhood events, "pioneer" in study of human behavior, therapy techniques
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| conclusions on freud: negative | studied small number of "neurotic" patients, cant be scientifically tested
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| learning | change in behavior due to experience
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| conditioning | a process through which organisms learn
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| types of conditioning | classical conditioning, operant conditioning
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| classical conditioning | organisms learn to exhibit reflexive responses to new stimuli, food/bell example, celebrity with neutral product: want to buy product
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| prior to conditioning (classical) | unconditioned stimulus: food and unconditioned response: salivation
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| during conditioning (classical) | unconditioned stimulus: food and neutral stimulus: bell
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| after conditioning (classical) | conditioned stimulus: bell and conditioned response: salivation
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| the case of little albert | classical conditioning example, john watson: rat, metal bars clanging at little boy
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| roberta rescorla | bell/food example, proved that more consistency means stronger conditioning
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| classical conditioning: extinction | disappearance of previously conditioned response
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| operant conditioning | organisms learn from the consequences of past behavior *B.F. Skinner*
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| possible consequences of behavior | reinforcement increases likelihood and punishment decreases likelihood
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| type of reinforcements (operant) | positive and negative
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| positive reinforcement (operant) | a pleasant stimulus is received: "skinner box" rat, bar, food
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| negative reinforcement (operant) | an unpleasant stimulus is removed or avoided: lotion to poison ivy, bug repellant
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| types of punishments (operant) | positive and negative
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| positive punishment (operant) | an unpleasant stimulus is received: a child getting spanked
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| negative punishment (operant) | a pleasant stimulus is taken away: class absence means points deducted
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| contiguity (operant) | closeness, immediacy: contiguous consequences have strongest effect on behavior
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| expectancy of consequences: discriminative stimuli | objects: light switch; locations/environments: church, concert; people: peers, faculty
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| skinners explanation of "thinking" | speech is overt behavior, speech learned through operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment), "thinking" is internal speech conclusion: "thinking" is behavior!!
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| albert bandura: example of observational learning | video with blowup doll and woman getting cookies or punishment
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| types of observational learning | vicarious reinforcement, vicarious punishment
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| human memory | "information processing"
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| recall task | produce information without assistance of retrival cues
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| recognition task | identify information from a list
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| serial position effects | primary effect, recency effect
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| primary effect | better memory for information at beginning of series
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| recency effect | better memory for information at end of series
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| retrospective memory | remembering info from the past
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| prospective memory | remembering to do something that was planned earlier
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| improving prospective memory | immediately create reminder when you think about event/task
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| memory | much info never encoded due to lack of attention: our attentional "resources" are very limited
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| short term "working" memory | information in immediate conscious awareness
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| sub systems of short term memory | auditory working memory and visuo spatial working memory
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| auditory working memory | holds verbal information, maintenance rehearsal, distraction/interference
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| visuo spatial working memory | holds images and spatial information, less deliberate rehearsal needed, less prone to loss by distraction
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| types of information stored in long term memory | semantic, episodic, procedural
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| semantic | facts like our first president
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| episodic | life memories like family vaations
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| procedural | how to do things physically like always knowing how to ride a bike once youve learned
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| monitor and keyboard | short term memory: whats happening right now
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| cpu and hard drive | long term memory: all information stored for later use
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| reconstructive nature of memory | "memories" are generated from a combination of an actual event AND existing knowlage (thus can be inaccurate)
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| memories | "interpretation, not a record"
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| reconstructive memory of witnesses | car video "smashed" "ran into" glass or no glass; lost in a shopping mall, 29% remembered the false event
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| identity vs role confusion: conflict unresolved | age 15 to 20, role confusion: lack of cohesive self image; "fragmented" self
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| identity vs role confusion: conflict resolved | age 15 to 20, integrated identity: comfortable sense of self; unique but socially acceptable
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| self verification: dutton and lake | behavior to confirm existing sense of identity
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| research on identity and "self verification" dutton and lake | survey of racism, some told racist when werent, "homeless" man outside begging for money: people told racist gave more money
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| confederate | planted person during research
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| intimacy vs isolation: conflict unresolved | age 20 to 40, Isolation: loneliness; denial of intimacy needs
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| intimacy vs isolation: conflict resolved | age 20 to 40, intimacy: able to develop close, loving, meaningful relationships
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| extraversion | degree to which person enjoys/seeks social interaction; low: reserved, quiet, seeks time alone; high: outgoing, talkative, socially engaged
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| openness to experience | degree to which person enjoy/seeks novel experiences, low: prefers routine, enjoys familiar things, not very creative or imaginative; high: prefers variety, enjoys novel things, creative and imaginative
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| emotional stability | degree to which person can regulate own emotions, low: anxious, worried, temperamental; high: calm, composed, even tempered
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| conscientiousnss | degree to which person is self disciplined and goal oriented, low: unreliable, impulsive, tends to quit; high: reliable, cautious, tends to persevere
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| agreeableness | degree to which person is easy going and tolerant, low: uncooperative, confrontational, suspicious; high: cooperative, conciliatory, trusting
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| freud's books | studies in hysteria, the psychopathology of everyday life
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