This stack is about biotechnology
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| show | A condition which occurs when the immune system
mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.
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| Biotechnology | show 🗑
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| show | Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T). The
genes that make up your body by stringing together to form DNA.
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| Cloning | show 🗑
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| show | A United States Supreme Court case dealing with whether
genetically modified organisms can be patented.
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | show 🗑
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| show | A test to identify and evaluate the genetic information called DNA
in a person's cells.
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| show | The anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by
yeast.
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| show | A region of DNA that controls a hereditary characteristic.
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| Genetics | show 🗑
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| show | A laboratory technique used by scientists to change the DNA of
living organisms.
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| show | A technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease
development.
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| Human genome map | show 🗑
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| show | An scientific research project with a primary
goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and
identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from
both a physical and functional standpoint.
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| show | The study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading
organisms and our body’s responses to them.
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| Interferon | show 🗑
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| show | The study of biology at a molecular level. It chiefly concerns itself
with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell.
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| show | A nucleotide is the monomer structural unit of nucleotide chains that form
the nucleic acids RNA and DNA; in other words, the building blocks for DNA and
RNA.
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| Proteins | show 🗑
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| Recombinant DNA | show 🗑
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| show | One of the two main types of nucleic acid that consists of strands of repeating nucleotides joined in chainlike fashion, but
the strands are single (except in certain viruses), and it has the nucleotide uracil (U)
where DNA has thymine.
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| show | Or therapeutic cloning involves removing the nucleus
of an unfertilized egg cell, replacing it with the material from the nucleus of a "somatic
cell" (a skin, heart, or nerve cell, for example), and stimulating this cell to begin dividing.
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| Stem cells | show 🗑
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| show | introduced as a sedative drug in the late 1950s, then banned in the early
1960s after it was found to cause deformed limbs in the children of women who took it
early in pregnancy.
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| Transgenic | show 🗑
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| Xenotransplantation | show 🗑
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| show | invented the technique of DNA cloning, which
allowed genes to be transplanted between different biological species. Their discovery
signaled the birth of genetic engineering.
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| Robert Hooke | show 🗑
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| Edward Jenner | show 🗑
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| Louis Pasteur | show 🗑
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| show | was one of the pioneers in the development of hybrid corn.
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| show | developed a new staining technique in 1879, using synthesized
aniline dyes to identify chromosomes, the structures of the cell nucleus. This allowed
observation of mitosis, a term first used by Flemming for cell division.
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| show | worked on improving soils, growing crops with low inputs,
and using species that fixed nitrogen as alternative crops to cotton.
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| Peyton Rous | show 🗑
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| show | was the bacteriologist who discovered penicillin.
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| show | experimented with breeding high-yielding strains of corn (maize), and
developed a breed of chicken that at one point accounted for the overwhelming majority
of all egg-laying chickens sold across the globe.
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| show | proved that DNA — not protein, as many believed at the time — is the
agent of heredity.
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| show | is the only who has won two Nobel Prizes, studied and
published papers on the effects of certain blood cell abnormalities, relationship
between molecular abnormality and heredity, chemical basis of mental
retardation, and functioning of anesthetics.
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| show | were discoverers of the DNA molecular structure.
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| Norman Borlaug | show 🗑
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| Paul Berg | show 🗑
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| Kary Mullis | show 🗑
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| show | was concerned principally with two areas of investigation: transfusion
and cardiopulmonary function.
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| Rachel Carson | show 🗑
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| Antiquity: | show 🗑
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| show | ƔƔ Biotechnology is first used to leaven bread and ferment beer with yeast (Egypt).
ƔƔ Production of cheese and fermentation of wine begin.
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| 1590–1608 | show 🗑
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| show | ƔƔ English physicist Robert Hooke discovers existence of the cell.
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| 1675 | show 🗑
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| 1830–1833 | show 🗑
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| 1911 | show 🗑
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| show | ƔƔ Bacteria are used to treat sewage for the first time in Manchester, England.
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| show | Canadian-born American bacteriologist Oswald Avery and colleagues discover that
DNA carries genetic information.
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| show | ƔƔ Scientists discover that genetic material from different viruses can be combined to
form a new type of virus, an example of genetic recombination.
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| show | ƔƔ The scientific journal Nature publishes James Watson and Francis Crick’s
manuscript describing the double helical structure of DNA, which marks the beginning of
the modern era of genetics.
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| show | ƔƔ Interferons are discovered.
ƔƔ The first synthetic antibiotic is created.
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| 1963 | show 🗑
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| show | ƔƔ The genetic code is cracked, demonstrating that a sequence of three nucleotide
bases (a codon) determines each of 20 amino acids. (Two more amino acids have since
been discovered.)
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| 1972 | show 🗑
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| 1976 | show 🗑
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| show | ƔƔ Recombinant human insulin is first produced.
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| 1980 | show 🗑
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| show | ƔƔ The first biotech drug is approved by FDA: human insulin produced in genetically
modified bacteria.
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| show | ƔƔ The DNA fingerprinting technique (using PCR) is developed.
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| 1986 | show 🗑
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| show | The first field test for a biotech crop virus-resistant tomatoes is approved.
Frostban, a genetically bacterium that frost formation on crop plants,is tested on strawberry,potato plants in California, the first outdoor tests of a recombinant bacterium.
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| show | MaxTM, an artificially produced form of the chymosin enzyme for cheese making, is introduced. It is the first product of recombinant DNA technology in the U.S.
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| show | ƔƔ FDA approves the first whole food produced through biotechnology: FLAVRSAVRTM
tomato.
ƔƔ The first breast-cancer gene is discovered.
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| 1997 | show 🗑
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| 1998 | show 🗑
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| show | ƔƔ A rough draft of the human genome sequence is announced.
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