This stack is about biotechnology
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| show | A condition which occurs when the immune system
mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.
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| Biotechnology | show 🗑
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| Chemical bases | show 🗑
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| show | To generate a population of genetically identical molecules, cells, plants or
animals.
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| Diamond vs. Chakrabarty | show 🗑
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| show | The genetic material of most living organisms.
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| show | A test to identify and evaluate the genetic information called DNA
in a person's cells.
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| Fermentation | show 🗑
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| show | A region of DNA that controls a hereditary characteristic.
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| show | The branch of biology that deals with heredity, especially the mechanisms of
hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited characteristics among similar or
related organisms.
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| show | A laboratory technique used by scientists to change the DNA of
living organisms.
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| Gene therapy | show 🗑
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| Human genome map | show 🗑
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| show | An scientific research project with a primary
goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and
identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from
both a physical and functional standpoint.
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| show | The study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading
organisms and our body’s responses to them.
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| show | A naturally occurring substance that interferes with the ability of viruses to
reproduce.
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| Molecular biology | show 🗑
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| Nucleotide | show 🗑
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| show | Any of a group of complex organic macromolecules that are composed of
one or more chains of amino acids.
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| show | The joining — or recombining — of two pieces of DNA from
different sources, such as from two different organisms.
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| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | show 🗑
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| show | Or therapeutic cloning involves removing the nucleus
of an unfertilized egg cell, replacing it with the material from the nucleus of a "somatic
cell" (a skin, heart, or nerve cell, for example), and stimulating this cell to begin dividing.
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| Stem cells | show 🗑
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| Thalidomide | show 🗑
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| Transgenic | show 🗑
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| Xenotransplantation | show 🗑
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| show | invented the technique of DNA cloning, which
allowed genes to be transplanted between different biological species. Their discovery
signaled the birth of genetic engineering.
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| show | developed inventions including the spring control of the balance wheel in
watches, and the first reflecting telescope. The first to apply the word "cell" to describe
the basic unit of life.
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| show | discovered in 1796 that inoculation with cowpox gave immunity to
smallpox, an immense medical breakthrough that has saved countless lives.
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| show | invented pasteurization and discovered the germ theory of disease.
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| show | was one of the pioneers in the development of hybrid corn.
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| Walther Flemming | show 🗑
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| show | worked on improving soils, growing crops with low inputs,
and using species that fixed nitrogen as alternative crops to cotton.
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| show | was involved in the discovery of the role of viruses in the transmission of
certain types of cancer.
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| Alexander Fleming | show 🗑
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| Henry Wallace | show 🗑
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| Oswald Avery | show 🗑
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| Linus Pauling | show 🗑
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| show | were discoverers of the DNA molecular structure.
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| Norman Borlaug | show 🗑
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| Paul Berg | show 🗑
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| show | received the Nobel Prize for his development of the Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR), a process that allows the amplification of specific DNA sequences.
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| Richard Lower | show 🗑
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| show | is author of Silent Spring, and credited with advancing the global
environmental movement.
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| show | Humans domesticate crops and livestock.
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| show | ƔƔ Biotechnology is first used to leaven bread and ferment beer with yeast (Egypt).
ƔƔ Production of cheese and fermentation of wine begin.
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| 1590–1608 | show 🗑
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| show | ƔƔ English physicist Robert Hooke discovers existence of the cell.
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| 1675 | show 🗑
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| show | ƔƔ 1830 — Proteins are discovered.
ƔƔ 1833 — First enzyme is discovered and isolated.
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| show | ƔƔ American pathologist Peyton Rous discovers the first cancer causing virus.
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| 1914 | show 🗑
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| 1944 | show 🗑
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| 1946 | show 🗑
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| show | ƔƔ The scientific journal Nature publishes James Watson and Francis Crick’s
manuscript describing the double helical structure of DNA, which marks the beginning of
the modern era of genetics.
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| show | ƔƔ Interferons are discovered.
ƔƔ The first synthetic antibiotic is created.
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| show | ƔƔNew wheat varieties developed by American agricultural scientist Norman Borlaug
increase yields by 70 percent.
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| show | ƔƔ The genetic code is cracked, demonstrating that a sequence of three nucleotide
bases (a codon) determines each of 20 amino acids. (Two more amino acids have since
been discovered.)
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| 1972 | show 🗑
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| 1976 | show 🗑
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| show | ƔƔ Recombinant human insulin is first produced.
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| show | TheSupreme Court, in the case Diamond v Chakrabarty, approves the principle patenting organisms, which allows the Exxon oil company to patent an oil-eating microorganism.
The U.S. patent for cloning is awarded to biochemists Stanley
Cohen,Herbert Boyer.
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| show | ƔƔ The first biotech drug is approved by FDA: human insulin produced in genetically
modified bacteria.
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| show | ƔƔ The DNA fingerprinting technique (using PCR) is developed.
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| show | ƔƔ The first recombinant vaccine for humans is approved, a vaccine for hepatitis B.
ƔƔ Interferon becomes the first anticancer drug produced through biotech.
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| show | The first field test for a biotech crop virus-resistant tomatoes is approved.
Frostban, a genetically bacterium that frost formation on crop plants,is tested on strawberry,potato plants in California, the first outdoor tests of a recombinant bacterium.
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| show | MaxTM, an artificially produced form of the chymosin enzyme for cheese making, is introduced. It is the first product of recombinant DNA technology in the U.S.
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| show | ƔƔ FDA approves the first whole food produced through biotechnology: FLAVRSAVRTM
tomato.
ƔƔ The first breast-cancer gene is discovered.
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| 1997 | show 🗑
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| 1998 | show 🗑
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| show | ƔƔ A rough draft of the human genome sequence is announced.
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