Cancer Medicine Oncology 10th edition
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| loss of differentiation of cells and reversion to a more primitive cell types: | anaplasia
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| tumors = neoplasms | New growths that arise from normal tissue.
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| malignant | a tumor capable of invasion and spread to surrounding or more distant sites
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| Benign Definition | noninvasive tumor and not spreading to other sites.
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| Benign attributes | Grow slowly, encapsulated and are composed of organized and specialized (differentiated) cells that closely resemble the normal, mature tissue from which they are derived.
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| Benign 3 attributes | slow, encapsulated, specialized resemblance to origin cells
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| Malignant characteristics | cells multiply rapidly, invasive and infiltration, extents into neighboring tissue. undifferentiated cells.
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| Malignant cells | Anaplastic lack an orderly arrangement. Vary in size and shape, piled on top of one another.
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| hyperchromatic | stain excessively with dyes that recognized genetic material
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| What makes malignant cells hyperchromatic? | The nuclei in these cells are large and stain excessively (hyperchromatic) with dyes that recognize genetic material.
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| mitosis | When a cell divides, the DNA material in each chromosome copies itself so that exactly the same DNA is passed to the two new daughter cells that are formed.
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| Protein synthesis | The production of new proteins
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| DNA contains the master code for all? | proteins produced in the cell.
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| Genes | Are composed of an arrangement of units called nucleotides (containing a s sugar, phosphate, and a base, such as adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine)
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| nucleotides | A arrangement of units containing a sugar, phosphate, and a base, such as adenine, guanine, thymine,or cytosine,
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| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | In the nucleus, the coded message with instructions for making a specific protein is copied from DNA onto another molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid).
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| RNA = ribonucleic acid | Travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell, carrying the coded message that directs the formation of specific proteins.
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| What two processes are controlled by DNA? | Mitosis and protein synthesis.
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| mutation | Mutations particularly those that stimulate cell growth or black DNA repair, lead to formation of malignant tumors.
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| apoptosis | Process of normal cells undergoing spontaneous disintegration or programmed cell death.
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| carcinogens | Agents from the environment, such as chemicals, drugs, tobacco smoke, radiation, and viruses, can cause damage to DNA and thus produce cancer.
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| chemical carcinogens | Fund in a variety of products and drugs
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| Examples of carcinogens | hdrocarbons in cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoke and automobile exhaust, insecticides, dyes, industrial chemicals, insulation and hormones.
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| Radiation | Consists of waves of energy
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| alveolar | Pertaining to tumor growth in small microscopic sacs (descriptive of connective
tissue tumors—sarcomas).
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| cachexia | General ill health and malnutrition associated with chronic disease such
as cancer.
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| carcinoma in situ | Localized tumor growth
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| electrocauterization | Burning tissue to destroy it (using electricity)
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| chemotherapy | Treatment using drugs
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| cryosurgery | Destruction of tissue using cold temperatures.
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| cystic tumor | Tumor forms with large open spaces filled with fluid
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| fibrosarcoma | Malignant tumor of fiber-producing cells (flesh or connective tissue origin).
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| follicular | Pertaining to microscopic description of tumor growth in small gland-type sacs
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| fungating tumor | Mushrooming pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of another
and project from the tissue surface.
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| medullary tumor | Large, soft, fleshy tumor.
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| mucositis | Inflammation of mucous membranes.
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| mutation | Change in the genetic material of a cell.
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| mutagenic | Pertaining to producing mutation.
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| necrotic | Tumor containing dead cells
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| neurofibromatosis | Tumors of fibrous connective tissue surrounding nerve cells (neurofibromas). This
is a genetic disorder.
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| oncology | Study of tumors
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| papillary | Pertaining to tumors that grow in small nipple-like or finger-like pattern.
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| dysplastic | Pertaining to abnormal growth of cells but not clearly cancerous.
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| pleomorphic | Pertaining to tumors that contain a variety of cell types.
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| protocol | Detailed plan for treatment of illness.
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| polypoid tumor | Tumors that grow as projections extending outward from a base.
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| radiation | Use of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
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| osteosarcoma | Malignant tumor (flesh tissue) of bone
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| scirrhous | Pertaining to hard, densely packed tumors, overgrown with fibrous tissue
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| xerostomia | Conditions of dry mouth.
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| retinoblastoma | Tumor of the retina of the eye (embryonic cells); congenital and hereditary
tumor
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| neuroblastoma | Cancerous tumor of embryonic nervous tissue; a sarcoma composed of neuroblasts
and affecting infants and children up to 10 years of age. The tumor usually arises
in the autonomic nervous system.
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| angiogenesis | Formation of blood vessels
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| adenocarcinoma | Cancerous tumor of glandular tissue.
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| hyperplasia | Condition of increased growth of cells (in numbers).
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| neoplasm | New growth (tumor).
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| myelosuppression | Stopping or inhibiting the growth of bone marrow tissue. This means that blood
cells (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets), normally formed in bone marrow,
are not produced.
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| radiotherapy | Ionizing radiation used to treat malignancies.
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| anaplasia | Reversion of cells to a more embryonic type (as happens in malignancy).
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| apoptosis | Programmed cell death
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| brachytherapy | Implantation of small sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material directly or
near tumors
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| epidermoid | Resembling epidermal tissue (tumors that arise from aberrant epidermal cells).
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| metastasis | The spread of a malignant tumor from its original location to a distant site.
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| metaplasia | Abnormal transformation of adult differentiated cells to differentiated tissue of
another kind
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| teletherapy | Radiation therapy using high-energy beams from a distant (tele-) source, such as a
linear accelerator or cyclotron (proton therapy).
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