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Chapter 19 LOM
Cancer Medicine Oncology 10th edition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| loss of differentiation of cells and reversion to a more primitive cell types: | anaplasia |
| tumors = neoplasms | New growths that arise from normal tissue. |
| malignant | a tumor capable of invasion and spread to surrounding or more distant sites |
| Benign Definition | noninvasive tumor and not spreading to other sites. |
| Benign attributes | Grow slowly, encapsulated and are composed of organized and specialized (differentiated) cells that closely resemble the normal, mature tissue from which they are derived. |
| Benign 3 attributes | slow, encapsulated, specialized resemblance to origin cells |
| Malignant characteristics | cells multiply rapidly, invasive and infiltration, extents into neighboring tissue. undifferentiated cells. |
| Malignant cells | Anaplastic lack an orderly arrangement. Vary in size and shape, piled on top of one another. |
| hyperchromatic | stain excessively with dyes that recognized genetic material |
| What makes malignant cells hyperchromatic? | The nuclei in these cells are large and stain excessively (hyperchromatic) with dyes that recognize genetic material. |
| mitosis | When a cell divides, the DNA material in each chromosome copies itself so that exactly the same DNA is passed to the two new daughter cells that are formed. |
| Protein synthesis | The production of new proteins |
| DNA contains the master code for all? | proteins produced in the cell. |
| Genes | Are composed of an arrangement of units called nucleotides (containing a s sugar, phosphate, and a base, such as adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine) |
| nucleotides | A arrangement of units containing a sugar, phosphate, and a base, such as adenine, guanine, thymine,or cytosine, |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | In the nucleus, the coded message with instructions for making a specific protein is copied from DNA onto another molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid). |
| RNA = ribonucleic acid | Travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell, carrying the coded message that directs the formation of specific proteins. |
| What two processes are controlled by DNA? | Mitosis and protein synthesis. |
| mutation | Mutations particularly those that stimulate cell growth or black DNA repair, lead to formation of malignant tumors. |
| apoptosis | Process of normal cells undergoing spontaneous disintegration or programmed cell death. |
| carcinogens | Agents from the environment, such as chemicals, drugs, tobacco smoke, radiation, and viruses, can cause damage to DNA and thus produce cancer. |
| chemical carcinogens | Fund in a variety of products and drugs |
| Examples of carcinogens | hdrocarbons in cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoke and automobile exhaust, insecticides, dyes, industrial chemicals, insulation and hormones. |
| Radiation | Consists of waves of energy |
| alveolar | Pertaining to tumor growth in small microscopic sacs (descriptive of connective tissue tumors—sarcomas). |
| cachexia | General ill health and malnutrition associated with chronic disease such as cancer. |
| carcinoma in situ | Localized tumor growth |
| electrocauterization | Burning tissue to destroy it (using electricity) |
| chemotherapy | Treatment using drugs |
| cryosurgery | Destruction of tissue using cold temperatures. |
| cystic tumor | Tumor forms with large open spaces filled with fluid |
| fibrosarcoma | Malignant tumor of fiber-producing cells (flesh or connective tissue origin). |
| follicular | Pertaining to microscopic description of tumor growth in small gland-type sacs |
| fungating tumor | Mushrooming pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of another and project from the tissue surface. |
| medullary tumor | Large, soft, fleshy tumor. |
| mucositis | Inflammation of mucous membranes. |
| mutation | Change in the genetic material of a cell. |
| mutagenic | Pertaining to producing mutation. |
| necrotic | Tumor containing dead cells |
| neurofibromatosis | Tumors of fibrous connective tissue surrounding nerve cells (neurofibromas). This is a genetic disorder. |
| oncology | Study of tumors |
| papillary | Pertaining to tumors that grow in small nipple-like or finger-like pattern. |
| dysplastic | Pertaining to abnormal growth of cells but not clearly cancerous. |
| pleomorphic | Pertaining to tumors that contain a variety of cell types. |
| protocol | Detailed plan for treatment of illness. |
| polypoid tumor | Tumors that grow as projections extending outward from a base. |
| radiation | Use of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. |
| osteosarcoma | Malignant tumor (flesh tissue) of bone |
| scirrhous | Pertaining to hard, densely packed tumors, overgrown with fibrous tissue |
| xerostomia | Conditions of dry mouth. |
| retinoblastoma | Tumor of the retina of the eye (embryonic cells); congenital and hereditary tumor |
| neuroblastoma | Cancerous tumor of embryonic nervous tissue; a sarcoma composed of neuroblasts and affecting infants and children up to 10 years of age. The tumor usually arises in the autonomic nervous system. |
| angiogenesis | Formation of blood vessels |
| adenocarcinoma | Cancerous tumor of glandular tissue. |
| hyperplasia | Condition of increased growth of cells (in numbers). |
| neoplasm | New growth (tumor). |
| myelosuppression | Stopping or inhibiting the growth of bone marrow tissue. This means that blood cells (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets), normally formed in bone marrow, are not produced. |
| radiotherapy | Ionizing radiation used to treat malignancies. |
| anaplasia | Reversion of cells to a more embryonic type (as happens in malignancy). |
| apoptosis | Programmed cell death |
| brachytherapy | Implantation of small sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material directly or near tumors |
| epidermoid | Resembling epidermal tissue (tumors that arise from aberrant epidermal cells). |
| metastasis | The spread of a malignant tumor from its original location to a distant site. |
| metaplasia | Abnormal transformation of adult differentiated cells to differentiated tissue of another kind |
| teletherapy | Radiation therapy using high-energy beams from a distant (tele-) source, such as a linear accelerator or cyclotron (proton therapy). |
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