SOPN MED SURG FIN 1
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| acts as the primary link between the brain and the pituitary gland | Hypothalamus
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| Master gland. Secretes hormones that cause other glands to secrete hormones | Pituitary Gland
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| Secretes adrenocorticotropic, thyrotropic,luteinizing, follicle stimulating, growth hormone, and prolactin | anterior pituitary
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| secretes anti-diuretic hormome and oxytocin | Posterior pituitary
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| located in the neck, releases hormones when stimulated by TSH from the ant pituirary. Secretes IODINE, CALCITONIN, THYROXINE, and TRI_ODOTHYRONINE | Thyroid
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| releases the parathyroid hormone (which increases the Calcium levels in the blood) | Parathyroid
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| located on top of the kidneys and is made up of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla | adrenal glands
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| outer part of this gland releases corticosteroids including cortisol | adrenal cortex
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| inner part of this gland releases catecholimines such as epinephrine | adrenal medulla
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| located in the middle of the brain, secretes melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the sleep/wake cycle | pineal body
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| releases insulin, glucagons, and somastatin which regulate energy and metabolism in the body. | pancreas
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| a group of specialized organs and tissues that produce, store, and secrete hormones. | ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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| a decrease in anti-diuretic hormone. S&Sx : severe polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, spec grav of 1.001-1.005 and LARGE AMOUNTS OF DILUTE URINE | Diabetes Insipidus
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| Any enlargement of the thyroid gland may be caused by iodine insufficiency or long term goitrogens such as salicylates (aspirin) these can inhibit thryoxine production so ask the patient about aspirin use | Goiter
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| most common form of thyroiditis. Increased levels of T3 & T4 then these depress over time. TX thyroid hormones and atenolol or propranolol to treat hypothyroidism | Hashimoto's Thyroid
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| secretion of excess amounts of thyroid hormones which increase metabolism. Weightloss irritability personality changes bug eyes goiter acropahchy (finger clubbing and swelling of the fingers) | Hyperthyroidism
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| multi-system type of hyperthyroidism, with most patients exhibiting thyroid hyperplasia and exopthalumus | Grave's Disease
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| life threatening disorder caused by the sudden increase of thyroxin into the bloodstream | Thyroid Storm
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| decrease in the production of thyroid hormone | hypothyroidism
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| type of hypothyroidism S&Sx: lethargy, weight gain, slow reflexes, constipation, intolerance to cold, PUFFY FACE, coarse sparse hair. Tx: IV LEVOTHYROXIN | Myxedema Coma
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| hypothyroidism that develops during fetal lide, causes mental and physical retardation | Cretinism
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| inadequate production of parathyroid hormone (a hormone which INCREASES Calcium) S&Sx: HYPOcalcemia, TETANY, decreased Ca levels with increased phospate levels | HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
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| excellerated absorption of Ca in the kidney tubules. S&Sx: HYPERcalecemia, renal stones, weakness. Tx: partial or complete thyroidectomy. WATCH CALCIUM LEVELS AFTER SURGERY | HYPERparathyroidism
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| HYPERsecretion of cortisol. S&Sx: trunk of body is OBESE with strech marks on abdomen, extremidities are thin, irreg periods, MOON FACE, BUFFALO HUMP, MASCULINE FEATURES IN FEMALES AND INCREASED FACIAL AND BODY HAIR, HTN. suscepible to falls *NO THROW RUG | CUSHINGS DISEASE
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| HYPOsecretion of the adrenal cortex and its steroid hormones. S&Sx: weakness, HYPERPIGMENTATION, hypotension, weightloss, increased K, decreased Na, increased BUN. Tx: lifelong corticosteroid therapy never abruptly stop therapy may lead to CRISIS | Addison's Disease
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| excessive aldersterone secretion d/t an adrenal adenoma (kidney tumor) trademark of this disease *HTN WITH INCREASED K S&Sx: headache due to HTNM and Na retention | hyperaldosteronism
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| caused by a neoplasm (tumor) which causes and excesive release of epinephrine S&Sx: HTN, hyperglycemia, and H/A. Tx: removal of tumor | Phenchromocytoma
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| a multisystem disease relatedto the abnormal production of insulin impaired utilization of insulin or both. Assoc with elevated glucose levels in the blood. Leading cause of heart disease, stroke, adult blindness, lower limb amputation, endstage renal fai | diabetes mellitus
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| produces by the B-Cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. | Insulin
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| excess glucose is stored as **THIS** in the cells thus maintaining blood sugar levels in the blood | glycogen
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| If the body needs increased glucose w/out food comsumption the Alpha cells of the ilset of langerhan releases *WHAT* which converts glycogen to glucose | glucagon
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| Normal blood sugar level in the blood | 70-110
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| Seen in people under 30. Involves progressive destruction of pancreatic B cells w/out autoantibodies causing a reduction in normal function by 80-90% before clinical symptoms manifest. Pt presents w/ KETOACIDOSIS from faulty CHO metabolism. LIFE THREATENI | Type 1 Diabetes
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| pH below 7.2, BiCarb below 15 meq, glucose greater than 200-1000 possible Kussmaul breathing | Type 1 diabetes
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| disease: gradual onset, over 40 yrs, 80-90% pts are overweight, pancreas produces insulin but not enough or poorly used | Type 2 diabetes
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| body tissues do not respond to insulin, resulting in HYPERGLYCEMIA, there is usually enough insulin metabolism to prevent ketoacidosis | Insulin resistance
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| occurs when alteration in B cells is nild, glucose levels will be higher than normal, but not enough to diagnose diabetes | impaired glucose tolerance
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| metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance. Cascade of disorders: HTN, therosclerosis, obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperpigmentation and a velvety skin thickening in the axialle, neck, groin, back of knees, and umbilical area. | Syndrome X
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| deveolps during pregnancy between 24-28 weeks | gestational diabetes
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| results from another mechical condition or due to treatment of a condition: Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, parenteral nutrition, or steroid therapy | Secondary Diabetes
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| when a patient has fasted for at least 8 hours | fasting plasma glucose level (greater than 126)
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| random plasma glucose | greater than 200
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| patient given 75mg of glucose and then tested | two hour oral glucose tolerance test (greater than 200)
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| fasting blood sugar greater than 110 but less than 126 | impaired glucose tolerance
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| shows the amount of glucose that has attached to hemoglobin in a 90-120 day period | hemoglobin A1C test
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| reflects metabolic response 1-2 hours after consuming a high CHO meal | Postprandial BS
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| renal threshold for glucose is 180 and then it will "SPILL OVER" into the urine | Keytones in teh urine
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| Patient eats high CHO meals for 3 days and on the 4th day FBS is drawn. Then high CHO drink is ingested and blood is drawn at 1,2, & 3 hour intervals. The second hour is the most important if the BS is greater than 140-200 | glucose tolerance test (GTT)
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| required fo rtype 1 diabetes or type 2 who can't control their diabetes | Exogenus Insulin
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| most widely used insulin | human insulin
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| fast acting insulin: acts in 5-15 minutes and lasts 3-5 hours | Lispro (humelog)
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| short acting insulin: acts in 30-60 minutes and lasts up to 8 hours | Regular insulin
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| intermediate acting insulin (cloudy and kept in fridge) acts in 1-4 hours and lasts 12-26 hours | NPH insulin
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| long acting insulin: acts in 1-2 hours and lasts 22-26 hours | Glargine & Detemir
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| cloudy and kept in the fridge. always mix clear to cloudy to prevent contaminating short lasting with long lasting insulin | NPH insulin
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| characterized by periods of hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia. Typically happens at night. S&Sx: patient wakes with headache, nightmares, n/v, enuresis. If blood suger is greater than 50-60 between 2-4AM and at 7AM is 180-200 decrease eve ins | SOMOGYI EFFECT
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| scar tissue or atrophy of S/C fat due to poor injection technique and or not rotating injection sites | lipidystrophy
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| glypizide, glyburide, micronase, diabeta, *METFORMIN*, all increase pancreatic B cell production of insulin | oral hypoglycemics
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