Life Science Chapter 7: The Age of Earth
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| Geologists learn about Earth’s history by studying _____. | rocks
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| Scientist ____ _____ realized two processes were at work on Earth—one that forms rock and one that tears it down | James Hutton
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| Hutton developed the principle of _____, which states that the processes at work today are the same processes that have been at work in Earth’s past. | uniformitarianism
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| The ___ ___ is a series of processes that make and change rocks through heating, melting, cooling, uplift, weathering, burial, and increasing pressure. | rock cycle
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| Geologists categorize rocks into three groups based on how the rock ____. | formed
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| The three rock groups are: _____, ____, and ____ | igneous metamorphic sedimentary
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| Igneous rock forms when ____ solidifies. | magma
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| Different types of igneous rocks are identified by the size of the _____ they contain | crystals
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| _____ crystals form from slow cooling | Large
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| ___ crystals form from rapid cooling | small
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| ____ ____ is any rock subjected to extreme pressure or heat. | Metamorphic rock
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| ____ can cause minerals to become more tightly packed. | Pressure
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| Heat can cause minerals to ____ and form a new rock mineral | recrystallize
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| ____ ____ form from sediments | Sedimentary rocks
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| ____ are tiny particles of eroded rock | Sediments
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| Sedimentary rocks form in a four-step process: ____, ____, ____, and ____. | weathering transportation deposition lithification
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| ____ is the physical or chemical breakdown of rock into smaller pieces. | Weathering
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| ____ occurs when sediments are moved downhill by running water, wind, movingice, and gravity. | Transportation
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| Individual sediment grains are called ____ | clasts
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| During transportation, clasts become ____ as they wear down and break apart. | smaller
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| As the speed of the sediment carrier slows down, _____-_____ clasts drop out. | larger-sized
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| ____ occurs when sediments carried by water, wind, and glaciers stop moving | Deposition
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| The sediments form ____, horizontal layers | parallel
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| ____ occurs when sediments become compacted and cementation changes thesediments into rock. | Lithification
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| Layers of rock are called ____ | strata
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| Danish physician ____ ____ presented four principles to help geologists study strata and interpret the rock’s history. | Nicolas Steno
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| The four principles are ____, ____, ____, and ____. | superposition original horizontality original lateral continuity crosscutting relationships
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| The principle of ____ states that in a stack of undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, the layers on the bottom were deposited before the layers on top | superposition
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| The rock layers on the bottom are ____ than the layers farther up. | older
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| ____ ____ tells how old something is compared to something else | Relative age
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| The principle of ____ ____ states that rock layers are originally deposited in horizontal, or nearly horizontal, layers. | original horizontality
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| The principle of ____ ____ ____ states that sedimentary rocks form layers that cover large areas. | original lateral continuity
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| The principle of ____ ____ states that a rock layer or feature that cuts across other rock layers is younger than the ones being cut. | crosscutting relationships
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| ____ are made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons | Atoms
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| Isotopes of an atom have the same number of protons, but different numbers of ____ | neutrons
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| Isotopes of an element may be stable or ____ | unstable
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| ____ ____ occurs when a nucleus gains or loses protons or neutrons | Radioactive decay
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| The gain or loss of protons or neutrons is called ____ | radiation
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| Radioactive decay occurs ____ and at a regular rate | automatically
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| ____ decay (an element in all living things) is used in the dating of once-living organisms | Carbon
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| The unstable isotope that decays is called the ____ ____, and the stable atom that forms is called the daughter isotope. | parent isotope
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| ____ is the science of comparing annual tree ring growth to date events andchanges in past environments. | Dendrochronology
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| A ____ ____ is a layer of wood cells produced in one year | tree ring
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| Some of the factors affecting the width of tree rings are rainfall, temperature, sunlight, and ____. | disease
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| ____ is a technique that gives each tree ring an exact-year date of formation | Crossdating
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| Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy discovered that parent isotopes decay into daughter isotopes at a ____ ____ | constant rate
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| A ____-____ is the amount of time for half of a specific amount of parent isotopes to decay into daughter isotopes | half-life
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| Geologists can determine the ____ ____ of rock by calculating the absolute age of theminerals that compose it. | absolute age
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| The ____ ____ of a mineral is determined by measuring its parent-to-daughter isotoperatio. | absolute age
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| The decay rate of radioactive isotopes is used by geologists as a “____ ____.” | natural clock
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| ____ ____ is the procedure used to calculate the ages of rocks and minerals | Radiometric dating
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| ____ rocks are most commonly used for radiometric dating | Igneous
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| Determining the age of ____ rocks is difficult | metamorphic
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| Geologists rarely use radiometric dating for ____ rocks | sedimentary
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| The oldest rocks on Earth are part of areas called ____ ____. | continental shields
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| Earth is at least as old as the zircon discovered by geologists in Australia in 2001, which was estimated to be _._ _billion years old. | 4.55
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| Meteorites collected in ____ have been calculated to be between 4.48 and 4.56 billion years old. | Antarctica
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| Rocks from the ____ have been calculated to be approximately 4.6 billion years old | Moon
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