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HELUS LifeScience Ch
Life Science Chapter 7: The Age of Earth
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Geologists learn about Earth’s history by studying _____. | rocks |
| Scientist ____ _____ realized two processes were at work on Earth—one that forms rock and one that tears it down | James Hutton |
| Hutton developed the principle of _____, which states that the processes at work today are the same processes that have been at work in Earth’s past. | uniformitarianism |
| The ___ ___ is a series of processes that make and change rocks through heating, melting, cooling, uplift, weathering, burial, and increasing pressure. | rock cycle |
| Geologists categorize rocks into three groups based on how the rock ____. | formed |
| The three rock groups are: _____, ____, and ____ | igneous metamorphic sedimentary |
| Igneous rock forms when ____ solidifies. | magma |
| Different types of igneous rocks are identified by the size of the _____ they contain | crystals |
| _____ crystals form from slow cooling | Large |
| ___ crystals form from rapid cooling | small |
| ____ ____ is any rock subjected to extreme pressure or heat. | Metamorphic rock |
| ____ can cause minerals to become more tightly packed. | Pressure |
| Heat can cause minerals to ____ and form a new rock mineral | recrystallize |
| ____ ____ form from sediments | Sedimentary rocks |
| ____ are tiny particles of eroded rock | Sediments |
| Sedimentary rocks form in a four-step process: ____, ____, ____, and ____. | weathering transportation deposition lithification |
| ____ is the physical or chemical breakdown of rock into smaller pieces. | Weathering |
| ____ occurs when sediments are moved downhill by running water, wind, movingice, and gravity. | Transportation |
| Individual sediment grains are called ____ | clasts |
| During transportation, clasts become ____ as they wear down and break apart. | smaller |
| As the speed of the sediment carrier slows down, _____-_____ clasts drop out. | larger-sized |
| ____ occurs when sediments carried by water, wind, and glaciers stop moving | Deposition |
| The sediments form ____, horizontal layers | parallel |
| ____ occurs when sediments become compacted and cementation changes thesediments into rock. | Lithification |
| Layers of rock are called ____ | strata |
| Danish physician ____ ____ presented four principles to help geologists study strata and interpret the rock’s history. | Nicolas Steno |
| The four principles are ____, ____, ____, and ____. | superposition original horizontality original lateral continuity crosscutting relationships |
| The principle of ____ states that in a stack of undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, the layers on the bottom were deposited before the layers on top | superposition |
| The rock layers on the bottom are ____ than the layers farther up. | older |
| ____ ____ tells how old something is compared to something else | Relative age |
| The principle of ____ ____ states that rock layers are originally deposited in horizontal, or nearly horizontal, layers. | original horizontality |
| The principle of ____ ____ ____ states that sedimentary rocks form layers that cover large areas. | original lateral continuity |
| The principle of ____ ____ states that a rock layer or feature that cuts across other rock layers is younger than the ones being cut. | crosscutting relationships |
| ____ are made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons | Atoms |
| Isotopes of an atom have the same number of protons, but different numbers of ____ | neutrons |
| Isotopes of an element may be stable or ____ | unstable |
| ____ ____ occurs when a nucleus gains or loses protons or neutrons | Radioactive decay |
| The gain or loss of protons or neutrons is called ____ | radiation |
| Radioactive decay occurs ____ and at a regular rate | automatically |
| ____ decay (an element in all living things) is used in the dating of once-living organisms | Carbon |
| The unstable isotope that decays is called the ____ ____, and the stable atom that forms is called the daughter isotope. | parent isotope |
| ____ is the science of comparing annual tree ring growth to date events andchanges in past environments. | Dendrochronology |
| A ____ ____ is a layer of wood cells produced in one year | tree ring |
| Some of the factors affecting the width of tree rings are rainfall, temperature, sunlight, and ____. | disease |
| ____ is a technique that gives each tree ring an exact-year date of formation | Crossdating |
| Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy discovered that parent isotopes decay into daughter isotopes at a ____ ____ | constant rate |
| A ____-____ is the amount of time for half of a specific amount of parent isotopes to decay into daughter isotopes | half-life |
| Geologists can determine the ____ ____ of rock by calculating the absolute age of theminerals that compose it. | absolute age |
| The ____ ____ of a mineral is determined by measuring its parent-to-daughter isotoperatio. | absolute age |
| The decay rate of radioactive isotopes is used by geologists as a “____ ____.” | natural clock |
| ____ ____ is the procedure used to calculate the ages of rocks and minerals | Radiometric dating |
| ____ rocks are most commonly used for radiometric dating | Igneous |
| Determining the age of ____ rocks is difficult | metamorphic |
| Geologists rarely use radiometric dating for ____ rocks | sedimentary |
| The oldest rocks on Earth are part of areas called ____ ____. | continental shields |
| Earth is at least as old as the zircon discovered by geologists in Australia in 2001, which was estimated to be _._ _billion years old. | 4.55 |
| Meteorites collected in ____ have been calculated to be between 4.48 and 4.56 billion years old. | Antarctica |
| Rocks from the ____ have been calculated to be approximately 4.6 billion years old | Moon |
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jnosik
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