OPT Respiratory II
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| pulmonary thromboembolism | when blood clots from somewhere else in the body (95% come from the deep leg veins) occlude the pulmonary arteries; seen in prolonged bedrest, birthcontrol
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| saddle emboli | large embolus that lodges on bifurcation of pulmonary artery causing complete blockage
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| acute cor pulmonale | acute dilation of the right heart that can cause sudden death
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| pulmonary hypertension | usually secondary to obstructive lung disease, recurrent pulmonary emboli or heart defects (left to right shunts)
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| Goodpasture syndrome | glomerulonephritis with interstitial pneumonitis; autoimmune disorder that attacks type IV collagen in basement membranes in kidneys and lungs
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| Wegener granulomatosis (pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis) | group of systemic vasculitides affecting the upper and lower respiratory tract and kidneys
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| pneumonia | any infection involving the lung
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| bronchopneumonia | patchy distribution of inflammation that involves multiple lobes but little damage to the septa; lung is restored after resolution
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| lobar pneumonia | part or all of a lobe is filled with exudate; usually Streptococcus pneumoniae
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| primary atypical pneumonia | infections by viruses and mycoplasma that cause inflammation of the interstitial tissues; inflammatory reaction is contained to the alveoli and the alveolar spaces are free of exudate
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| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | organism that most commonly causes primary atypical pneumonias
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae | aka {pneumococcal pneumonia}; most common cause of community-acquired acute pneumonias and often in lobar pneumonias
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| lobar pattern of pneumonia | 1. congestion 2. red hepatization 3. gray hepatization 4. resolution
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| fibrinous pleuritis | begins during the red hepatization stage and resolves with the infection
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| bronchopneumotic pattern | patchy pattern of inflammation, no pleural involvement
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| Haemophilus influenzae | organism that causes acute exacerbation of COPD
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| Staphylococcus aureus | organism that causes nosocomial pneumonia and follows some viral respiratory infections
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| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Gram- organism that causes bacterial pneumonia in chronic alcoholics
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| Legionella pneumophila | agent of {Legionnaire's disease}; lives in artificial water containment and is inhaled, resistant to many antibiotics
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| Nosocomial pneumonia | hospital acquired pneumonias
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| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | common pathogen associated with nosocomial infections
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| aspiration pneumonia | occurs in patients that aspirate gastric contents causing infection
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| lung abscess | area of suppurative necrosis in lung parenchyma that forms large cavities; anaerobic bacteria from the mouth can form these
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| chronic pneumonia | localized lesion in immunocompromised usually with granulomatous inflammation
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| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | causative agent in chronic pneumonias
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| tuberculosis | communicable disease caused by {Mycobacterium tuberculosis}; usually an asymptomatic pulmonary infection
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| tuberculin (Mantoux) test | detects infection of M. tuberculosis using the allergenic hypersensitivity reaction to tubercular antigens
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| purified protein derivative (PPD) | injected intracutaneously and induces visible induration if positive
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| caseous necrosis | central necrosis of cheesy necrotic debris
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| caseating granulomatous inflammation | type of inflammation seen in tuberculosis and chronic pneumonias
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| primary tuberculosis | develops in non-sensitized, previously unexposed people, almost always by inhaling the organism
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| Ghon focus | tubercle in the lung
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| Ghon complex | tubercles in lungs and lymph nodes
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| progressive primary tuberculosis | occurs when primary tuberculosis progresses without interruption; seen in HIV patients, lymphohematogenous dissemination is a dreaded complication
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| secondary tuberculosis | reactivation of a primary lesion when the host is weakened
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| cavitation | large areas of lung necrosis from continuously growing tubercles
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| tuberculous pneumonia | tuberculosis that spreads to involve large areas of the lungs
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| miliary tuberculosis | systemically disseminated tuberculosis that occurs once blood vessels become involved
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| scrofula | involvement of neck lymph nodes by tuberculosis
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| bronchogenic carcinoma | leading cancer death in industrialized countries; from cigarette smoking
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| non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | lung cancer best treated by surgery; includes squamous cell carcinomas (smokers)
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| small cell lung cancer (SCLC) | lung cancer best treated by chemo because has usually metastasized
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| mesothelioma | pleural tumor due to occupational exposure to asbestos; smoking in conjunction with asbestos does not increase the risk of this cancer
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| nasopharyngeal carcinoma | linked with Epstein-Barr virus, in Chinese people; non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (undifferentiated) is most common type and very radiosensitive
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| carcinoma of the larynx | cancer seen in men, smokers, usually squamous cell carcinomas; persistent hoarseness
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