Living Environment Regents Review
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| Homeostasis | the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal balanced environment.
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| Metabolism | the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
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| Organic Molecules | contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Example: C6H12O6
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| Carbohydrates (Starch) | made from simply sugars
Example: glucose
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| Proteins | made from amino acids
Example: meat
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| Lipids | made from fatty acid and glycerin
Example: oils
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| Nucleic Acid | made from nucleotides
Example: DNA
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| Organization of Living Things (Small --> Big) | cells --> tissues --> organs --> organ systems --> organism
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| Organelles | are the smallest parts of a cell & each has a specific function
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| Vacuoles | store waste and water (large in plant cells, small in animal cells)
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| Ribosome | where proteins are made and are located on the ER or in
cytoplasm
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| Mitochondria | The POWERHOUSE of the cell where energy is made. It is the site of cellular respiration
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| Formula for Cellular Respiration: | glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY (ATP)
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| Chloroplasts | only in plant cells and where the process of photosynthesis occurs
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| Formula for photosynthesis: | sun’s energy + carbon dioxide + water --> glucose + water + oxygen
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| Nucleus | is the control center of the cell and contains DNA (the program or code of life)
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| Cytoplasm | is the liquid that fills the cell.
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| Cell Membrane | 1. separates the contents of the cell from the outside environment
2. controls the transport of materials into and out of the cell.(selective permeability)
3. recognizes and responds to chemical signals by using
receptor molecules
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| Passive Transport or Diffusion | the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. (NO ENERGY USED)
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| Active Transport | is the moving a molecule from LOW concentration to a HIGH
concentration (USES ENERGY in the form of ATP).
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| Digestive System | breaks down food into nutrients & puts them in the blood stream
Major Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
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| Circulatory System | transports gasses and nutrients throughout the body
Major Organs: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
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| Respiratory System | exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen
Major Organs: lungs, alveoli, diaphragm
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| Excretory System | removes wastes from the blood and then from the body
Major Organs: kidneys, bladder, urethra
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| Nervous Sytem | control of the functioning of all body systems
Major Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerve cells
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| Endocrine System | chemically controls of the functioning of all body systems
Major Organs: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads
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| Respiration | is the process used by ALL organisms to produce energy by using oxygen to burn sugar in order to release energy in the form of (ATP).
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| Transport | movement of materials
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| Excretion | the removal of all waste produced by the cells of the body
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| Synthesis | the making or building of large molecules from smaller ones.
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| Photosynthesis | is the process of storing the energy from the sun in the chemical bonds of glucose (sugar)
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| Cellular Respiration | occurs in the Mitochondria of All Organisms both plants and animals
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| Enzymes | special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions.
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| Enzyme reaction rates are affected by | 1. Shape- “Lock and Key Model” if it is the wrong shape it will not work.
2. Temperature
3. pH
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| Dynamic Equilibrium | is a steady state-balance or HOMEOSTASIS
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| Negative Feedback | controls hormone levels to maintain homeostasis.
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| Digestion | breaking large molecules down into smaller molecules
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| Skin and Circulation Systems | the body's primary defense against disease-causing pathogens.
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| Surface Receptor Protein | a molecule found on the cell membrane that the immune system recognizes as either part of the body or an outside invader.
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| Antigens | are the receptor proteins on the membrane of pathogens (germs).
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| Antibodies | are special proteins produced by the white blood cells that can be thought of as your body’s army to fight diseases.
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| Immunity | our body’s ability to fight disease.
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| Vaccination | is composed of a weakened or dead virus that triggers our white blood cells to produce antibodies to fight a specific pathogen
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| Diseases | are caused pathogens
Examples: virus, bacterium, and fungus
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| Two Types of Cell Division | mitosis and meiosis
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| Mitotic Division | asexual reproduction where a parent cell divides equally to produce 2 identical daughter cells
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| Meiotic Division | sexual reproduction where a parent cell divides twice to produce either 4 sperm cells or 1 Egg (ovum)
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| Purpose of Mitosis | growth, repair and asexual reproduction
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| Purpose of Meiosis | produces gametes.
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| Gonads | are the sex glands. (Ovaries and Testis)
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| Gametes | are sex cells that unite in fertilization to form a ZYGOTE
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| Zygote | a fertilized egg
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| Fertilization | when a male and female gamete unite
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| Internal Fertilization | when a male and female gamete unite inside an organism
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| External Fertilization | when a male and female gamete unite outside an organism
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| Differentiation | the process that transforms developing cells into specialized cells with different structures and functions.
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| Vagina | entry point for sperm from the male and exit tube for the baby when it is born
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| Uterus | where the baby grows and develops
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| Ovaries | produce female gametes or eggs and the hormone estrogen
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| Placenta | a is the organ that is attached to the baby via the umbilical chord and provides nutrients, oxygen to the fetus and removes waste through the process of diffusion.
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| Oviducts or Fallopian Tubes | where fertilization occurs
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| Testis | produces sperm and the hormone testosterone
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| Scrotum | pouch enclosing the testes keeping the sperm at an optimum temperature for development
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| Vas Deferens | tube carrying sperm away from the testes
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| Prostate Gland | add lubricating and other fluids to the sperm
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| Urethra | tube through the penis carrying sperm to the outside of the body
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| Penis | used for internal fertilization of the female
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| Amniocentesis | removing some of the cells from the amniotic fluid which protects the fetus and analyzing their DNA.
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| Karyotype | a visual map of chromosomes. Can be used to see if the fetus has any chromosomal problems like Down’s syndrome
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| Cancer | uncontrolled cell division.
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| Heredity | the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction.
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| DNA | a double stranded helix polymer of nucleotides that contains the genetic code of the individual.
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| Nucleotide | the basic unit of DNA which is made of a phosphate, a sugar and a base.
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| DNA Bases | are A, T, G, C
A IS PAIRED WITH T
G IS PAIRED WITH C
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| RNA | a single stranded polymer that is produced by DNA.
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| 3 Types of RNA | Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA and Ribosomal RNA
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| Protein Synthesis | DNA sends a messenger single (m RNA) to the ribosome where the ribosome reads the message and directs the t RNA (TRUCKS) to bring it Amino Acids. The ribosome then assembles the Amino Acids together in the correct order TO MAKE A PROTEIN.
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| Mutation | any alteration of the DNA sequence which changes the normal message carried by the gene
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| 4 Types of Mutation | 1. Substitution- ONE BASE IS PUT IN THE PLACE OF ANOTHER
2. Deletion-A BASE IS LEFT OUT
3. Addition-A BASE IS ADDED
4. Inversion-BASES ARE SWITCHED
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| Clones | identical genetic copies
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| Gene | contains hereditary information and carries a separate piece of information
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| Crossing Over | when gametes are formed in each parent and genetic recombination, which is the combining of the genetic instructions of both parents into a new combination in the offspring when fertilization occurs
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| Replication | make a copy
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| Regulation | allows cells to respond to their environment and to control and coordinate cell growth and division
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| Phenotype | an individual's observable traits
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| Genotype | the two alleles inherited for a particular gene
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| Allele | a variant form of a gene
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| Dominate | trait that is expressed over another trait
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| Recessive | trait that is hidden behind the dominant trait.
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| Genetic Engineering | a technology that humans use to alter the genetic instructions in organisms.
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| Gene Splicing | cutting DNA and placing it into another organism
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| Restriction Enzyme | an enzyme that cuts DNA in specific places and is an essential tool in gene splicing as well as in Gel-electro phoresis.
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| DNA Fingerprint | just like a bar code the more common the bars the more common heritage or ancestry
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| Selective Breeding | a process of picking parents with favorable traits to produce those traits in the offspring
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| Species | a group of closely related organisms that share certain characteristics and can produce offspring capable of reproduction.
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| Evolution | the process by which organisms have changed over time from simple, singlecelled: complex-single-celled: complex, multicellular to complex organisms.
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| Natural Selection | nature selects those individuals who are best fit for the environment
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| Overproduction | more offspring are produced than can survive
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| Competition | the fight for limited resources
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| Variation | differences among organisms in a species (sexually reproducing organisms have more variation than asexually reproducing organisms)
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| Adaptive Value | Any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions
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| Extinction | the disappearance of an entire species caused by a failure to adapt to a changing environment. E
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| Ancestry | cladograms or family tree
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| Ecology | the study of how organisms interact with the living and nonliving things.
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| Biotic | living parts of the ecosystem
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| Abiotic | non-living parts of the environment
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| Examples of Biotic Factors | plants and animals
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| Examples of Abiotic Factors | rocks, air, ph, sunlight
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| Niche | a species’ role in it’s environment
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| Population | all the organisms of a species that live in the same area
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| Community | all the different populations in an area
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| Biosphere | all of earth's ecosystems
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| Competition | the struggle for resources among organisms
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| Limiting Factors | the living and non living things in the environment that limit the size of populations.
Examples: Food, Shelter, Sun, Space, Oxygen
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| Carrying Capacity | the maximum population (number or organisms of any species) that an ecosystem can support.
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| Predators | kill and eat other organisms called Prey.
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| Autotrophs | producers --> make their own food by photosynthesis
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| Heterotrophs | must eat something for food (consumers)
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| Herbivores | can only eat plants
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| Carnivores | can only eat animals
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| Omnivores | can eat plants AND animals
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| Consumers | same as heterotrophs
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| Decomposers | break organisms down and return nutrients to the soil. They are the recyclers in the ecosystem
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| Scavengers | eat dead organisms that they did not kill themselves
Example: vultures
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| Parasites | live off of another organism (host) and do not kill them usually (the parasite benefits, the host is harmed)
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| Producers | same as autotrophs
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| Food Chain | diagram of the feeding relationship of organisms in an ecosystem
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| Rules in Drawing a Food Chain | 1. All food chains begin with a Producer (Autotroph or Plant)
2. All food chains end with a Decomposer
3. Arrows in a food chain show the direction of the energy flow
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| Food Web | diagram composed of many interlocking food chains
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| Sun | the primary source of life energy on the earth
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| Energy Pyramid | a diagram showing the energy available at each trophic level
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| Ecological Succession | the orderly sequence of changes in the communities living in a
given ecosystem over time.
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| Pioneer Organisms | organism that populates a region after a natural disaster or any other event that may have caused most life in that area to disappear.
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| Climax Community | the development of vegetation in an area over time, has reached a steady state.
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| Ecological Succession in a Pond | plants and organisms die over time --> Sediment builds --> pond gets shallow --> wwamp develops --> grassy field --> forest
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| Carbon/Oxygen Cycle | photosynthesis and respiration
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| Water Cycle | evaporation, condensation, precipitation
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| Nitrogen Cycle | N2, nitrogen fixing bacteria, plants, animals, waste
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| Biodiversity | measurement of the degree to which species vary within an ecosystem
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| How Man has Affected Biodiversity | 1. Cutting down trees
2. Planting all of the same crop in an area
3. Removed vegetation for houses, parking lots, roads, etc.
4. Killed organisms and destroyed the food web
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| Renewable Resources | resources that can replenish themselves
Example: trees, wind,
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| Nonrenewable Resources | resources that take a long time to replace or form
Example: coal, oil
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| Reduce | cut down on the amount used
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| Reuse | use it for another application
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| Recycle | can be used to make the product again
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| Pollution | a harmful change in the chemical makeup of the air, water, or soil.
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| Direct Harvesting | the destruction or loss of a species by over hunting
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| Land Use | finding the best way to live in the environment- building around trees instead of cutting them down and planting new ones.
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| Habitat Destruction | destroying a part of the natural environment
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| Deforestation | removing forests for wood or clearing trees for farms
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| Invasive Species | plants, animals, or pathogens that are non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem
Example: zebra mussels, purple loosestrife, dandelions
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| Industrialization | increases pollution of air and water- uses more energy, water,
fossil and nuclear fuels
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| Water Pollution | from sewage, wastes from homes and factories and animal wastes
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| Toxic Waste | DDT
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| Thermal Pollution | heat pollution
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| Air Pollution | from burning fossil fuels
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| Acid Rain | Sulfur and nitrogen compounds in air pollution dissolve in the moisture of the atmosphere to form acids, causing rain to have a low pH (acidic) --> kills trees and destroys historical artifacts.
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| pH scale | 14 <--------- basic -------> 7 <--------- acid ----------> 0
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| Global Warming | an increase in the earth’s temperature caused by an increase in
greenhouse gases
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| Greenhouse Effect | caused by increasing amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere caused by the increasing use of fossil fuels for energy
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| Ozone Depletion | hole in ozone layer caused by use of fluorocarbons. *
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| Ozone | acts as a Sun block for all organisms on the earth!!!
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| Independent Variable | the one thing that “I change” to test my hypothesis. Goes on the X axis
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| Dependant Variable | what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment. Goes on the Y axis
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| Control Group | the group that is studied under the normal conditions
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| Experimental Group | the group that is identical to the control group with the ONE
CHANGE or difference (the Independent Variable)
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| Ways to Make an Experiment More Valid | 1. Repeat the experiment
2. Increase the number of specimens or trials.
3. Peer review
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| Eyepiece | the part of a microscope that you look through (closest to the eye) usually 10x
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| Objective Lens | the magnifying part of a microscope closest to the slide (high power = usually 40x; low power = usually 10x)
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| Fine Adjustment Knob | the part of a microscope that is used to focus on low & high power
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| Course Adjustment Knob | the part of a microscope that is used to focus only on low power
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| Stage | the part of a microscope where the slide is placed
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| Stage Clips | the part of a microscope that holds the slide in place
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| Diaphragm | the part of a microscope that controls the amount of light used
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| How to Make a Wet Mount Slide | Put the cells on the center of a slide, put a drop of water with a dropper onto the cells (do not touch the cells); lower a cover slip slowly at an angle (to reduce the number of air bubbles)
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| Paper Chromatography | a laboratory technique that is used to separate different
molecules from one another. (Separation of compounds in a solution by size and color).
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| Gel electrophoresis | technique used to show how species are related to one another
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| Indicators for pH, Glucose, Starch | color or state change indicating the presence of a particular substance.
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| Dichotomous Keys | tools to help in the classification of organisms
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| Restriction Enzymes | cut DNA into fragments, which are placed into a well in a gel plate
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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