AP Bio
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| Divergent Evolution | accumulation of differences between two groups until they are a new species
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| Convergent Evolution | the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages
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| homologous structures | structures in organisms that are similar because of common ancestry, may not share similar function
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| vestigial structures | remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors
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| analogous structures | share similar function, but not common ancestry
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| two ways variation comes | reproduction and mutations
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| directional selection | graph shifts in one direction
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| stabilizing selection | middle higher fitness
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| disruptive selection | left and right
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| founder effect | subgroups of original population relocated
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| bottleneck | population decrease for at least one generation
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| hardy-weinberg conditions | large population; no migration; no mutation; random mating; no natural selection
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| gene pool | genes in population
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| alele frequency | how common an allele is
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| homologous structures | similar structures; common ancestry
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| paleontology | fossils shows change in a species over time
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| biogeography | similar species are found in similar ecosystems around the world
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| morphology | comparing structures (analogous and homologous)
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| biochemical of molecular | similarities in gene sequences proteins DNA
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| speciation | new species formed
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| species | make fertile offspring
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| geographic isolation | barriers prevent mating
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| ecological isolation | different habitats same region
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| temporal isolation | different mating times
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| behavioral isolation | different mating rituals
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| mechanical isolation | morphological differences
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| gamete isolation | sperm and egg don't recognize each other
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| hybrid inviability | embryo can't develop
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| hybrid sterility/infertility | baby not fertile
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| hybrid breakdown | each generation less fertility
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| microevolution | changing of allele frequencies in a population over time
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| macroevolution | patterns of change over geologic time; determine phylogeny
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| gradualism | species are always slowly evolving
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| punctuated equilibrium | periods of massive evolution followed by periods with little to no evolution
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| adaptive radiation | the diversification of different organisms into different forms filling ecological niches
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