Chapter 47 Circulatory System
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| circulatory systems | transport necessary materials to all the cels of an animal's body and transport waste products away from the cells so they can be released into the environment
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| simple circulatory system | organisms with gastrovascular cavity. surrounding water acts as a circulatory system
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| gastrovascular cavity | body cavity with a single opening to the outside that functions as both mouth and anus
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| true circulatory systems contain | blood/hemolymph, vessels and heart
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| open circulatory system | one or more hearts that pump fluid through vessels that open into the animal's body cavity called the hemocoel
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| in open circulatory system nutrients and waste are exchanged by | diffusion between the hemolymph and body cells and hemolymph eventually returns to the heart
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| hemolymph | mixed fluid. part of open circulatory system
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| closed circulatory system | blood and interstitial fluid are separated and differ in their components and chemical composition
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| Blood | watery solution containing solutes to be transported throughout the body. Pumped by heart
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| single circulation | blood pumped from heart to lungs to tissues back to heart
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| double circulation | blood pumped from heart to the lungs back to heart and the pumped to tissues then back to the heart
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| Single circulation heart has | one atrium and one ventricle
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| double circulation heart has | two atria and two ventricles
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| arteries carry blood | away from the heart
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| veins carry blood | towards the heart
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| intermediate circulation on land | blood pumped from heart to lungs and less skin
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| intermediate circulation on water | blood pumped from heart to skin. Skips lungs
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| pulmonary circulation | delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium then to left ventricle
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| systemic circulation | delivers deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the right atrium then right ventricle
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| 4 components of blood | plasma, leukocytes, erythrocytes and thrombocytes/platelets
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| plasma | water and dissolved organic and inorganic nutrients. base. transports, keeps body's pH, maintains fluid balance
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| leukocytes | white blood cells
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| erythrocytes | red blood cells
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| hematocrit | volumes of blood that is composed of red blood cells
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| hemoglobin | in cytosol of red blood cells.
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| each hemoglobin carries ___ oxygens | 4
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| anemia | lower than normal amounts of hemoglobin
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| platelets | cell fragments that lack a nucleus
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| thrombocytes | intact cells
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| platelets and thrombocytes | play crucial role in the formation of blood clots
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| first step of blood clotting | injury
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| second step of blood clotting | platelets secrete substance that causes them to lump together and bind to collagen fibers in the surrounding connective tissue at wound site. Forms a plug
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| third step of blood clotting | fibrin forms a meshwork that traps red blood cells and platelets forming a clot that seals the wound
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| system veins | return blood from the body
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| pulmonary veins | return blood from lungs
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| AV valves | between atria and ventricles. Controls movement of blood between them
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| each ventricle empties into the | aorta
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| pulmonary trunk | divides into the pulmonary arteries that lead to left and right lungs
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| semilunar valves | between each ventricle and the artery. One way valves
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| neurogenic heart | will not beat unless it receives regular electrical impulses from nervous system
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| myogenic heart | signaling mechanism that initiates contraction resides within cardiac muscle itself
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| myocyte | has membrane extensions that form interlocking networks with other myocytes
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| intercalated disks | within networks of myocytes. Gap junctions
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| SA node | collection of modified cardiac cells that have an inherently unstable resting membrane potential
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| atrial contraction pumps blood | through the AV valves into the ventricles
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| ventricular | action potentials in SA node reach Av node
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| AV node | located near junction of the atria and ventricles and conducts electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles
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| cardiac cycle | contraction and relaxation events that produce a single heartbeat
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| diastole | first phase. Ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood coming from the aorta through open AV valves. Atria contract and more blood fills ventricle
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| systole | second phase. ventricles contract and eject the blood through the open semilunar valves
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| blood pressure | force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels.
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| Blood pressure is highest in the arteries during | systole
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| blood pressure is lowest in the arteries during | diastole
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| EKG | medical test used to investigate the function of the heart
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| Order of blood flow- arteris | heart, large arteries, small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, small veins, large veins, heart.
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| artery walls are | thick
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| arteries distribute blood leaving heart to all of the | organs and tissues of an animal's body
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| Resistance | the tendency of blood vessels to slow down the flow of blood through their lumens
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| Resistance depends on | vessel radius, length and blood viscosity
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| vasodilation | increase in blood vessel radius
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| vasoconstriction | decrease in blood vessel radius
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| cardiac output | amount of blood the heart pumps per unit of time, usually expressed in units of liters per minute
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| cardiac output depends on | size of heart, how often it beats per minute, and how much blood it ejects with each beat
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| stroke volume | amount of blood ejected with each beat
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| binding of epinephrine to receptors on heart | increases heart rate.
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| epinephrine released during | exercise
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| cardiovascular disease | disease of heart and blood vessels
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| hypertension | high blood pressure
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| coronary artery disease | when plaque forms in the coronary vessels. Symptom- angina pectoris (chest pain)
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| Myocardial infarction | heart attack
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| Baroreceptors | stretch receptors
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| Oder of blood flow | body, superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium AV valves right ventricle, SV valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, left atrium, AV valve, left ventricle, aorta, body.
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Created by:
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