Chapter 45 Nutrition
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| Nutrient | any organic or inorganic substance that is taken in by an organism and is required for survival, growth, development, tissue repair or reproduction
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| Nutrition | process of consuming and using food and nutrients
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| Organic nutrients are | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and vitamins
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| Inorganic nutrients are | water and minerals
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| Herbivores eat | plants only
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| Herbivore's digestive system has | microorganisms that help break down cellulose
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| Carnivores eat | meat
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| Omnivores eat | plants and meat
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| 4 phases of digestion are | Ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion
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| Ingestion | food is consumed
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| Digestion | nutrients are broken down into smaller molecules in the digestive canal
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| Absorption | ions, water and small molecules diffuse or or transported out of the digestive canal into the bodily fluids
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| Egestion | undigested waste products are excreted
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| Function of carbohydrates | supply energy-wielding glucose and the carbon required for building organic molecules
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| Function of proteins | supply amino acids that build new proteins and provide energy
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| Function of nucleic acids | components required for DNA, RNA and ATP synthesis
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| Function of vitamins | coenzymes in reactions
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| Essential nutrients | needed but not made by the body. Must be obtained from outside sources in their entire form
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| 4 types of essential nutrients | amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals
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| Number of essential amino acids | 9.
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| Essential amino acids | builds protein. Made by some herbivores
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| Essential fatty acids help with | pain, blood clotting and smooth muscle contraction
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| Essential vitamins | coenzymes for metabolic and biosynthetic reactions
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| 2 categories of essential vitamins | water soluble and fat soluble
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| Water soluble vitamins | can't be stored. must be regularly ingested
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| Fat soluble vitamins | stored in adipose tissue
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| Essential minerals | inorganic ions required by animals for normal functioning. Bone, muscle, nervous tissue, cofactors etc.
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| Factors that affect mineral usage | species, age, weight, health status, and food eaten
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| Opportunistic animals | have a strong preference for one type of food but can adjust their diet if the need arises
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| Ways to obtain food | suspension, bulk and fluid
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| Suspension feeders | sieve water, filtering out the organic material and expelling the rest. Water
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| Bulk feeders | eat food in large quantities. Humans. Most mammals
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| Fluid-feeders | lick/suck fluid from plants or animals. Mosquitos
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| Intracellular digestion | phagocytosis to bring food particles directly into a cell where food is put into vacuoles. Hydrolytic enzymes digest food into monomers, then used directly by the cell
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| Extracellular digestion | protects cells from hydrolytic enzymes. Food enters digestive cavity, stored, slowly digested, and absorbed gradually over long periods of time. Humans
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| Gastrovascular cavity | Part of simplest form of digestion. Digestion occurs in it and fluid movements also serve as a circulatory system to distribute digested nutrients throughout the body.
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| Alimentary canal | single, elongated tube. Opening at both ends which food passes from. Smooth muscle and epithelial.
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| Lumen | digestive enzyme
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| Small hydrophobic molecules... | diffuse down concentration gradients across epithelium
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| Ions/other molecules... | transported by facilitated diffusion or active transport. ATP needed
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| Alimentary canal aka | gastrointestinal tract
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| Human GI consists of | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and anus
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| Accessory structures of GI | tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
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| 3 sections of alimentary canal | anterior, middle and posterior
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| Anterior | Ingestion. Oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx and esophagus
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| Middle | Storage. Crop/gizzard/stomach, upper part of small intestine, pancreas, liver and gallbladder
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| Posterior | final digestion, absorption and elimination. Lower part of small intestine, large intestine and anus
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| Saliva produced from glands in | cheeks, tongue and throat.
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| Functions of saliva | moisten/lubricate, dissolve food particles, kill bacteria, initiate digestion of sugars
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| Amylase | enzyme that breaks down sugar
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| In pharynx swallowing is | voluntary
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| In esophagus swallowing is | involuntary
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| peristalsis | rhythmic, spontaneous waves of muscle contraction that begin near the mouth and end at the stomach
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| Crop | storage organ found in most birds. Food is stored and softened.
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| Birds that eat more seed have | larger crops
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| stomach | saclike organ that evolved as a means of storing food
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| True stomach produces | hydrochloric acid
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| HCl | helps digest food and kill bacteria
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| Inactive pepsinogen is converted by HCl into active | pepsin
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| Pepsin | digests protein
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| Carbohydrates and lipids are NOT digested in | the stomach
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| Chyme | food in its digested form. Contains water, salts, molecular fragments of proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, droplets of fat and other small molecules
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| Small intestine | tube that leads from stomach to large intestine. Almost all digestion of food and absorption of nutrients and water
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| Digested nutrients are absorbed across _______ _______ and into the blood. | epithelial cells
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| Duodenum | first portion of intestine
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| Pancreas | secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
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| Liver | site of bile production.
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| Bile contains | bicarbonate, cholesterol, phospholipids, organic wastes and bile salts
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| Bicarbonate ______ stomach acid | neutralizes
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| Bile salts break up ______ _____ and increases its accessibility to digestive enzymes | dietary fat
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| Gallbladder | releases bile. Precisely times with consumption of fats
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| Cecum | first part of large intestine. Small pouch that extends appendix
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| Herbivores have a _______ cecum | large
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| Colon | second part of large intestine
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| Rectum | third part of large intestine. Ends with anus
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| Large intestine | stores and concentrates fecal material before defecation absorbs some of remaining salts and water not absorbed by small intestine
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| Matter broken down in small intestine | starch, lipids and carbohydrates
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| Matter broken down in stomach | protein and carbohydrates
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| Vitamins, minerals and water stay in their whole form and are | not digested
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| Regulation of digestion is by | nervous and endocrine systems
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| Local control of digestion is by | neurons within the alimentary canal
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| Long distance control of digestion is by | brain
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| Gastrin | hormone that stimulates smooth muscle control in the stomach and moves chyme into small intestine. Stimulates acid production by stomach
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| Heartburn | excess stomach acid in esophagus. Happens when sphincter doesn't close entirely or is forced open. Acid irritates nerve endings
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| Ulcer | erosion of alimentary canal. Most occur in the stomach. Due to a bacteria
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| Diaarhea | loose, watery stool occurring at least 3 times a day. Result from bacteria, virus, stress or reaction to food/medication
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