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Bio Test 2
Chapter 45 Nutrition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nutrient | any organic or inorganic substance that is taken in by an organism and is required for survival, growth, development, tissue repair or reproduction |
| Nutrition | process of consuming and using food and nutrients |
| Organic nutrients are | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and vitamins |
| Inorganic nutrients are | water and minerals |
| Herbivores eat | plants only |
| Herbivore's digestive system has | microorganisms that help break down cellulose |
| Carnivores eat | meat |
| Omnivores eat | plants and meat |
| 4 phases of digestion are | Ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion |
| Ingestion | food is consumed |
| Digestion | nutrients are broken down into smaller molecules in the digestive canal |
| Absorption | ions, water and small molecules diffuse or or transported out of the digestive canal into the bodily fluids |
| Egestion | undigested waste products are excreted |
| Function of carbohydrates | supply energy-wielding glucose and the carbon required for building organic molecules |
| Function of proteins | supply amino acids that build new proteins and provide energy |
| Function of nucleic acids | components required for DNA, RNA and ATP synthesis |
| Function of vitamins | coenzymes in reactions |
| Essential nutrients | needed but not made by the body. Must be obtained from outside sources in their entire form |
| 4 types of essential nutrients | amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals |
| Number of essential amino acids | 9. |
| Essential amino acids | builds protein. Made by some herbivores |
| Essential fatty acids help with | pain, blood clotting and smooth muscle contraction |
| Essential vitamins | coenzymes for metabolic and biosynthetic reactions |
| 2 categories of essential vitamins | water soluble and fat soluble |
| Water soluble vitamins | can't be stored. must be regularly ingested |
| Fat soluble vitamins | stored in adipose tissue |
| Essential minerals | inorganic ions required by animals for normal functioning. Bone, muscle, nervous tissue, cofactors etc. |
| Factors that affect mineral usage | species, age, weight, health status, and food eaten |
| Opportunistic animals | have a strong preference for one type of food but can adjust their diet if the need arises |
| Ways to obtain food | suspension, bulk and fluid |
| Suspension feeders | sieve water, filtering out the organic material and expelling the rest. Water |
| Bulk feeders | eat food in large quantities. Humans. Most mammals |
| Fluid-feeders | lick/suck fluid from plants or animals. Mosquitos |
| Intracellular digestion | phagocytosis to bring food particles directly into a cell where food is put into vacuoles. Hydrolytic enzymes digest food into monomers, then used directly by the cell |
| Extracellular digestion | protects cells from hydrolytic enzymes. Food enters digestive cavity, stored, slowly digested, and absorbed gradually over long periods of time. Humans |
| Gastrovascular cavity | Part of simplest form of digestion. Digestion occurs in it and fluid movements also serve as a circulatory system to distribute digested nutrients throughout the body. |
| Alimentary canal | single, elongated tube. Opening at both ends which food passes from. Smooth muscle and epithelial. |
| Lumen | digestive enzyme |
| Small hydrophobic molecules... | diffuse down concentration gradients across epithelium |
| Ions/other molecules... | transported by facilitated diffusion or active transport. ATP needed |
| Alimentary canal aka | gastrointestinal tract |
| Human GI consists of | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and anus |
| Accessory structures of GI | tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas |
| 3 sections of alimentary canal | anterior, middle and posterior |
| Anterior | Ingestion. Oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx and esophagus |
| Middle | Storage. Crop/gizzard/stomach, upper part of small intestine, pancreas, liver and gallbladder |
| Posterior | final digestion, absorption and elimination. Lower part of small intestine, large intestine and anus |
| Saliva produced from glands in | cheeks, tongue and throat. |
| Functions of saliva | moisten/lubricate, dissolve food particles, kill bacteria, initiate digestion of sugars |
| Amylase | enzyme that breaks down sugar |
| In pharynx swallowing is | voluntary |
| In esophagus swallowing is | involuntary |
| peristalsis | rhythmic, spontaneous waves of muscle contraction that begin near the mouth and end at the stomach |
| Crop | storage organ found in most birds. Food is stored and softened. |
| Birds that eat more seed have | larger crops |
| stomach | saclike organ that evolved as a means of storing food |
| True stomach produces | hydrochloric acid |
| HCl | helps digest food and kill bacteria |
| Inactive pepsinogen is converted by HCl into active | pepsin |
| Pepsin | digests protein |
| Carbohydrates and lipids are NOT digested in | the stomach |
| Chyme | food in its digested form. Contains water, salts, molecular fragments of proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, droplets of fat and other small molecules |
| Small intestine | tube that leads from stomach to large intestine. Almost all digestion of food and absorption of nutrients and water |
| Digested nutrients are absorbed across _______ _______ and into the blood. | epithelial cells |
| Duodenum | first portion of intestine |
| Pancreas | secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate |
| Liver | site of bile production. |
| Bile contains | bicarbonate, cholesterol, phospholipids, organic wastes and bile salts |
| Bicarbonate ______ stomach acid | neutralizes |
| Bile salts break up ______ _____ and increases its accessibility to digestive enzymes | dietary fat |
| Gallbladder | releases bile. Precisely times with consumption of fats |
| Cecum | first part of large intestine. Small pouch that extends appendix |
| Herbivores have a _______ cecum | large |
| Colon | second part of large intestine |
| Rectum | third part of large intestine. Ends with anus |
| Large intestine | stores and concentrates fecal material before defecation absorbs some of remaining salts and water not absorbed by small intestine |
| Matter broken down in small intestine | starch, lipids and carbohydrates |
| Matter broken down in stomach | protein and carbohydrates |
| Vitamins, minerals and water stay in their whole form and are | not digested |
| Regulation of digestion is by | nervous and endocrine systems |
| Local control of digestion is by | neurons within the alimentary canal |
| Long distance control of digestion is by | brain |
| Gastrin | hormone that stimulates smooth muscle control in the stomach and moves chyme into small intestine. Stimulates acid production by stomach |
| Heartburn | excess stomach acid in esophagus. Happens when sphincter doesn't close entirely or is forced open. Acid irritates nerve endings |
| Ulcer | erosion of alimentary canal. Most occur in the stomach. Due to a bacteria |
| Diaarhea | loose, watery stool occurring at least 3 times a day. Result from bacteria, virus, stress or reaction to food/medication |
Created by:
Gianna B
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