Sociology 2
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| Social Group | A number of people who have a common identity, some feeling of unity, and certain common goals and shared norms.
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| Primary groups | social group that involves interaction among members who have an emotional investment in one another and in a situation, who know one another intimately, and who interact as total individuals rather than through specialized roles.
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| Secondary groups | social group that is much less intimacy among its members. It usually has specific goals, is formally organized, and is impersonal
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| dyad | Group composed of two members.
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| triad | Group composed of three members.
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| formal organization | Highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals
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| Utilitarian Organizations | We voluntarily join because there is the promise of a reward (occupation).
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| Normative Organizations | Socioeconomic status is a determinate of who joins these groups (clubs, politics).
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| Coercive Organizations | People do not become voluntary members of coercive groups
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| A postindustrial society | society in which technology supports a service and information based economy.
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| Bureaucracy | an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently.
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| Bureaucratic Alienation | Takes place when organizations dehumanize the people they are suppose to serve
Weber recognized that organizations breed alienation.
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| Bureaucratic Inefficiency and Ritualism | Sometimes bureaucracy does not address the real problem, instead following outdated rituals that lead to “red tape.”
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| Bureaucratic Ritualism | a focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization’s goals.
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| Bureaucratic Inertia | The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves
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| Oligarchy | the rule of the many by the few
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| nation-states | A unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations
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| intimacy | The most important quality of primary groups that is missing in secondary groups is:
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| anticipatory socialization | Reference groups are a major source of:
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| Max Weber | Who first developed a framework to describe bureaucracies?
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| primary group | Emotion-based interaction over extended period
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| secondary group | Impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited time
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| reference groups | Influences a person’s behavior and attitudes, regardless of whether they are a member
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| Industrial societies | societies based on technology that mechanizes production.
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| Division of Labor | determines our relationships
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| postindustrial societies | Characterized by an economy in which large numbers of people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs
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| network | a web of weak social ties
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| six key elements of bureaucracy | Specialization;
Hierarchy of positions;
Rules and regulations;
Technical competence;
Impersonality;
Formal, written communications
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| Robert Michels | who came of with the Iron Law of Oligarchy
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| anticipatory socialization | the process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future rolls
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| Instrumental leadership | is most appropriate when the group’s purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal
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| Expressive leadership | is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.
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| Authoritarian leaders | make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members.
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| Democratic leaders | encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building.
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| Laissez-faire leaders | do not provide active leadership.
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| Conformity | The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group.
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| groupthink | Irving Janis developed an influential theory of group decision making that he called
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| groupthink | involves an extreme form of group cohesiveness in which group members begin to think alike and do not question each other or consider alternative choices in making a decision
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| Illusion of Invulnerability, Collective Rationalization, Illusion of Morality, Excessive Stereotyping, Pressure for Conformity, Self-Censorship, Illusion of Unanimity, Mindguards | eight symptoms of group think
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| Illusion of Invulnerability | Members ignore obvious danger.
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| Collective Rationalization | Members discredit anything contrary to group thinking.
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| Illusion of Morality | Members believe their decisions are morally correct.
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| Excessive Stereotyping | The group constructs negative stereotypes of outgroup members.
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| Pressure for Conformity | Members pressure any in the group who express opposition and consider it disloyalty.
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| Self-Censorship | Members withhold their dissenting views and counter-arguments.
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| Illusion of Unanimity | Members perceive falsely that everyone agrees with the group's decision; silence is seen as consent.
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| Mindguards | Some members appoint themselves to the role of protector
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| groupthink | is the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise
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| laissez-faire | Leaders using the __________ style of leadership do not want to be involved in the decision making process of government that affects individual’s lives
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| Sex | refers to the biological differences between females and males.
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| gender | refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males.
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| intersexual | Also known as hermaphrodites – people who are born with a combination of male and female reproductive organs
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| Transgender | persons whose appearance, behavior, and/or gender identity does not match that individual’s assigned sex.
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| Transvestite | a male who dresses as a woman or a female who dresses as a man, but does not alter themselves physically.
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| transsexual | a person who believes that he or she was born with the body of the wrong sex.
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| Cultural variation | sexual practices vary considerably from culture to culture. Some are less restrictive than others
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| sexual orientation | An individual’s preference for emotional–sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality)
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| civil rights | Gay or lesbian couples who are unable to enter into a legally recognized marriage are often denied parental rights, employment, the ability to make end of life decisions for their loved one, insurance for medical care, and other benefits, etc.
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| Homophobia | Extreme prejudice and sometimes discriminatory actions directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual
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| Prostitution | Selling of sexual services
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| Rape | A violent act that uses sex to hurt, humiliate, or control another person
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| Date rape (or acquaintance rape) | Forcible sexual violence against women by men they know
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| Structural-functional analysis, Symbolic-interaction analysis, Conflict theory | sociological paradigms
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| Structural-functional analysis | Need to regulate sexual behavior,
Sex functions to perpetuate the species
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| Symbolic-interaction analysis | The social construction of sexuality,
Sexual practices vary from culture to culture
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| Conflict theory | Highlights dimensions of inequality,
Shows how sexuality reflects patterns of social inequality and helps perpetuate them
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| sexual orientation | ________ is an individual’s preference for emotional–sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality)
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| sex, gender | ______ refers to the biological differences between females and males. ______ refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males
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| deviance | Behavior that fails to conform to the rules or norms of the group in question
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| Emile Durkheim | deviant behavior is “an integral part of all healthy societies.”
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| social control | Practices that social groups develop to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.
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| Internal social control | takes place when individuals internalize norms and values and follow those norms and values in their lives.
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| External social control | other people’s responses to a person’s behavior – that is, rewards and punishments.
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| Travis Hirschi's Social Control theory | based on the premise that deviance occurs when informal and formal elements of social control fail to constrain persons from engaging in deviance.
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| Anomie | normlessness
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| deviant behavior | The central assumption of Anomie Theory is that __________ must be understood in relation to the presence or absence of a moral code within society that provides people with a true sense of meaning, purpose, and belonging.
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| Robert K. Merton's strain theory | theory that focuses on strain which emerges when individuals and groups desire approved social goals but find themselves unable to attain them through socially approved means
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| cultural transmission theory | All behavior is learned: therefore deviant behavior is also learned. The theory focuses on the key variables involved in learning.
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| Age of the learner, Intensity of contact with the deviant teacher, Ratio of good to bad social contacts in the learner’s life. | variables of the cultural transmission theory
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| labeling theory | The focus shifts from the deviant individual to the social process by which a person comes to be labeled as deviant and the consequences of such labeling for the individual
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| Primary deviance | refers the initial act of rule breaking
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| Secondary deviance | occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts the identity and continues the deviant behavior.
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| primary deviance and secondary deviance | stages of the labeling process
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| deviance | ________ is any belief, behavior, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs
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| ritualism | The "good worker" in a large institutional job is often an example of what type of adaptation in Strain Theory?
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| social control | ________ refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws, and to discourage deviance
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| families | constitute about one third of all homeless and are the fastest-growing group of homeless
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| felony | a serious crime such as rape, homicide, or aggravated assault, for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year’s imprisonment to death.
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| misdemeanor | a minor crime typically punished by less than one year in jail.
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| The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) | a major source of information on crimes in the U.S
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| Violent Crime | involve force or threat of force: murder, rape, robbery, etc.
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| Property Crime | burglary, vehicle theft, etc.
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| Public Order Crime | illegal actions without “victims” (prostitution, illegal gambling, etc.)
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| Occupational Crime | illegal activities by people in the course of employment or financial affairs.
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| Corporate Crime | illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation.
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| Organized Crime | business operation that provides illegal goods and services for profit.
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| Political Crime | illegal acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or over-throw it.
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| Retribution | The punishment should fit the crime.
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| Social protection | Restrict offenders so they can’t commit further crimes.
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| Rehabilitation | Return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens
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| Deterrence | Reduce criminal activity through a fear of punishment
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| innovation | Punishment is seen as serving four functions. Which item below is NOT one of those functions?
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| families with children | _________ are the fastest growing category of homeless persons in the United States?
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| social stratification | A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
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| social class | A category of people who share similar opportunities, similar economic and vocational positions, similar lifestyles, and similar attitudes and behaviors.
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| Income | Earnings from work or investments
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| Wealth | Total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts
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| Closed system | boundaries between hierarchies are rigid, people’s positions are set by ascribed status.
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| Open system | boundaries between hierarchies may be influenced by people’s achieved statuses.
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| Social Mobility | The movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another.
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| Intragenerational Mobility | The social movement of individuals within their own lifetime.
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| Intergenerational Mobility | The social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next.
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| socioeconomic status (SES) | A combined measure that, in order to determine class location, attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of factors such as income, occupation, and education
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| Upper Class | comprised of people who own substantial income-producing assets
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| Upper-Middle Class | .
based on university degrees, authority on the job, and high income.
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| middle class | a minimum of a high school diploma or a community college degree.
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| Working Class | semiskilled workers, in routine, mechanized jobs, and workers in pink collar occupations.
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| Working Poor | live just above to just below the poverty line.
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| underclass | people who are poor, seldom employed, and caught in long-term deprivation
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| life chances | Access to resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education & health care
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| Health | Amount and adequacy of needed medical care vary with income levels
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| Cultural values and attitudes | Vary with social class position
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| Absolute poverty | exists when people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life.
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| Relative poverty | exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.
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| Functionalist Solutions | Strengthen social institutions (education, family) so they can help meet the needs of poor individuals
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| Conflict Solutions | We must reduce gender, racial, and class inequality before we can eliminate poverty.
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| Symbolic Interactionist Solutions | Reduce stigma associated with being poor by changing how we view those in poverty
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| Wealth | is the value of a person’s or family’s economic assets, including income, personal property, and income-producing property.
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| Prestige | is the regard with which a person or status position is regarded by others.
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| Power | is the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others.
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| Max Weber | who came up with the idea of Wealth, Prestige, and Power
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| money, medical care, and property | Those that are poor typically have fewer life chances, which means they also have fewer opportunities to obtain __________
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| wealth | __________ is the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts.
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| socioeconomic status | Sociologists often use the term __________ to refer to a combined measure that attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of factors such as income, occupation, and education to determine class location
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| age, race and ethnicity, urban and rural poverty, and gender | demographics of poverty
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| feminization of poverty | The trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor
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| For many workers, earnings have stalled. More jobs offer little income. The recent recession brought economic decline Young people are remaining at home. | what are the four factors that have eroded the American Dream for the middle class
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| pink-collar occupations | Relatively low-paying, nonmanual, semiskilled positions primarily held by women, such as day-care workers, checkout clerks, cashiers, and waitpersons
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| 52%, 10% | of all poor families, what percentage are headed by women with no spouse and what percentage are headed by men with no spouse?
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| 1946-1964 | years of the baby boomers
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