BIO31 Human Anatomy
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| Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy Exam1A 1. An angiogram is a specialized x-ray procedure that shows ___. | blood vessels
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| 2. Name the regions of the body visible in the figure below. | arm, thorax, abdomen (trunk)
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| 3. What plane of section is shown in the figure below? | horizontal / transverse
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| 4. Is the nasal cavity lined with mucous membrane or serous membrane? Explain your answer. | mucous membrane – open to outside
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| 5. Is the sonogram below a 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional, or a 1-dimensional image? Explain. | 3-D image, shows LxWxH
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| 6. Explain what 3-D reconstruction is. | 3-D reconstruction=interpreting 2-D images into 3-D shapes
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| 7. The neck is ___ to the chest. | superior
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| 8. The ankle is ___ to the knee. | distal
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| 9. Name the four basic tissue types. | epithelium, CT, muscle, nerve
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| 10. Describe one difference between histology and cytology. | histology: LM, tissue structure cytology: EM, cell structure
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| 11. What best describes an artery: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism? Explain | organ, contains different tissues
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| 12. Describe cytokinesis. Chapter 2: Cell Structure | cell division
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| 13. Describe the function of nuclear pores. | nuclear pores allow communication between cytoplasm and nucleus
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| 14. Describe the function of microvilli. | microvilli ↑ surface area
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| 15. Describe the function of cilia. | cilia transport mucus
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| 16. What is the function of the structures below? | (rER/ribosomes) protein synthesis
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| 17. Name the structure at the arrow below and describe its function. | mitochondrion, produces ATP
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| 18. Name an organelle that breaks down molecules. | (breaks down molecules) lysosomes, mitochondria
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| 19. Name two examples of transport into a cell. | 2 transport into cell: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, diffusion, ion pumps, facilitated diffusion
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| 20. Name two examples of passive transport across a plasma membrane. | 2 passive transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion
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| 21. Identify the molecules at the arrow below and describe one property of the molecules. | fatty acid tails of phospholipid molecules, 1 property: nonpolar, hydrophobic
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| 22. The figure below shows a blood smear. Give an estimate of the diameter of the white blood cell at the arrow. Explain how you made your estimate. | WBC ~15-20 µm, 2-3x size of rbc
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| 23. Which image has the largest field of view? Explain. | A – lowest magnification, largest field of view
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| 24. If one sheet of paper is 100 µm thick, how high is a stack of 500 sheets of paper, in mm? Show your work. | 500x100=50,000 µm = 50 mm
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| Chapter 4: Tissue 25. Where are lacunae located? | lacunae are located in cartilage extracellular matrix (also bone tissue)
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| 26. Special stains are needed to see | B. Reticular fibers
D. Elastic fibers
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| 27. Dense regular connective tissue | D. Is found in the Achilles tendon .
E. Makes up the anterior cruciate ligament
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| 28. A microscopic view of adipose tissue | A. Is full of artifacts
C. Has more similarities to adrenal cortex cells than liver cells
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| 29. Reticular fibers | None
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| 30. Connective tissue | C. Forms the skeletal system
D. Is located within the lumen of blood vessels
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| 31. Which of the following applies to epithelium but not to connective tissue? | B. Cells are attached to each other
E.Tissue has an apical surface
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| 32. What does “transitional” mean in transitional epithelium? | transitional” means changes shape of cells
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| 33. Which of the following has/have one layer of cells? | C. Simple squamous epithelium
D. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
E. Simple columnar epithelium
F. A blood smear preparation
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| Chapter 5: Integumentary System 1 . How could you test a patient’s skin for signs of dehydration? | pinch skin, if fold persists is sign of dehydration
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| 2. How could a patient’s skin indicate liver problems? | jaundice
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| 3. What does cyanotic skin indicate? | low oxygen level
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| 4. What is the function of melanin in the skin? | Protect DNA form UV ray damage
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| 5. Describe one function of the stratum basales of the epidermis. | 1: mitosis, contains melanocytes
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| 6. What skin structure has the function of excretion? | sweat glands
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| 7. How can the body raise calcium levels? Chapter 6: Bone Tissue | D. Osteoclasts become activated
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| 8. Bony trabeculae are covered by | None of the above
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| 9. The structural & function unit of compact bone is called___. | Harversian system / osteon
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| 10. The inorganic component of bone is ___. | calcium phosphate
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| 11. Describe the epiphysis. | ends of long bones
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| 12. What is the function of red bone marrow? | hemopoiesis
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| Chapter 8 & 9: Appendicular Skeleton & Joints 13. Describe the bones that form the sternal notch. | clavicles and manubrium
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| 14. The ___ bones make up the hand. | metacarpals
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| 15. Throwing a ball overhand or underhand is movement at the shoulder joint called ___. | circumduction
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| 16. Describe the movement of bones during pronation. | radius rotates over ulna
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| 17. Name the bony attachments of the inguinal ligament. | ant sup iliac spine and pubic tubercle
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| 18. Describe the position of the knee and whether it is right or left. | flexed, left
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| 19. Describe inversion at the ankle joint and name the bones involved. | sole facing medially, talus + fibula + tibia
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| 20. Name the layers at the arrow. | fibrous layer, synovial membrane
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| Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton 21. There are ___ pairs of false ribs. | 5
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| 22. The sternum | D. Participates in a synovial joint
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| 23. The sacral curvature is | A. Concave anteriorly
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| 24. Name the bones involved in head rotation. | atlas and axis
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| 25. Identify the structure at the arrow. | nucleus pulposis
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| 26. Identify the structure at the arrow below. "fetal skull Figure" | sphenoid fontanel
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| 27. Identify the structure at the arrow below. "Woman's Facial figure" | maxillary sinus
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| 28. Identify the bone at the arrow below. "Axial Skull Figure" | vomer
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| 29. What is located in the area at the arrow below? "Axial Skull Figure" | air / mucous membrane
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| Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue 30. A motor unit: | C. Has one motor neuron
D. is excited by acetylcholine
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| 31. A muscle stretch receptor | A. is called a muscle spindle
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| 32. Calcium | A. Is high in the sarcoplasm during contraction
B. Is high in the sarcoplasmic reticulum during relaxation
C. Attaches to troponin
D. Is necessary for muscle contraction
E. Is needed for secretion: All of the above
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| 33. Excitation-contraction coupling includes | C. Activation of acetylcholine receptors.
E. Tropomyosin moving away form myosin binding sites on actin
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| 34. Myosin cross bridges | B. Pull actin along the myosin myofilament.
D. Are connected to myosin tails
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| 35. The A band of a sarcomere | B. Contains both actin and myosin.
D. Contains the H band .
E. Is the same length as myosin myofilaments.
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| 36. Myofibrils | A. Are organized into sarcomeres.
C. Are surrounded by T-tubles.
D. Shorten during contraction.
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| 37. Skeletal muscle tissue | A. Can be stretched.
B. Is elastic.
E. Is excited.
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| Chapter 11: Axial Muscles 38. Name two abdominal muscles used during sit-ups. | external oblique + rectus abdominus
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| 39. Describe the action of the diaphragm during exhaling. | relaxation
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| 40. Describe the function of the intercostal muscles. | help breathing
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| 41. The muscle at the white arrow below "Woman's Upper neck muscle structure" | A. Inserts on the left temporal bone.
D. Causes head rotation to the right.
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| 42. The pharyngeal constrictors have attachments to | A. Mandible
B. Thyroid cartilage
C. Median raphe
D. Hyoid bone
E. Pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone: all of the above.
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| 43. Name two features (origin, insertion, action) that apply to both styloglossus and hyoglossus, but not to any other muscle that we studied. | 2: insert on tongue, retract tongue
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| 44. Describe the origin of the masseter muscle. | zygomatic arch
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| 45. Describe the insertion of the temporalis muscle. | coronoid process of the mandible
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| 46. Describe the origin of the extrinsic eye muscles. | common tendinous ring at optic foramen
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| 47. Describe the action of the muscle at the white arrow below. " Male Facial Structure" | close eyes
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| 48. Name the muscle at the black arrow above. " Male Facial Structure" | orbicularis oris
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| 49. The biceps muscle is a Review Questions 49-55 | C. Organs: composed of several tissues
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| 50. What is the plane of section for the figure below? | None.
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| 51. Which is an integral protein? | A. Acetylcholine receptors
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| 52. Which process doesn’t fit in the list below? Explain your answer. | C. Osmosis
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| 53. Name the two components of extracellular matrix. | 2: fibers and ground substance
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| 54. Describe an example of an artifact. | 1 artifact: dust, wrinkle, shrinkage, tear
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| 55. Describe an example of stratified columnar epithelium. | None.
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