microbio lecture
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| MICROBIOLOGY | “Study of”… “life”…. “small” individually
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| Primary Tool | microscope
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| Microbiota |
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| Microbiome | Collection of microbes that live in and on the body.
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| Metagenome | Genomes recovered from mixed environmental samples; provides information on diversity of microbe types without isolating or culturing them.
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| micrometer um | 10^-6 m
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| nanometer nm | 10^-9 m
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| Ubiquitous | Microorganisms live almost everywhere on earth
Many microorganisms are required partners in complex associations with animals and fungi
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| • Detrimental effects of microorganisms | Cause infection •
Cause disease
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| Pathogen | disease causing agent
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| Parasite | lives in or on host; robs host of nutrients
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| • Emerging Diseases- | newly identified; reported in increasing numbers
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| • Reemerging Diseases – | older, well-known diseases; increasing in occurrence
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| Zoonoses | Diseases indigenous to animals transmissible to humans
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| TAXONOMY | The science dealing with organizing, classifying, and naming of organisms.
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| CLASSIFICATION | he assignment of organisms to groups within a system of categories distinguished by shared common characteristics such as structure, origin, etc.
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| Levels of Classification | Dont kill Phyls class of family geniyses
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| oppurtunistic pathogen | pathogen in the body that will not cause problems until the immune system has failed
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| • BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE | • SCIENTIFIC NAME
• PURPOSE:
– uniform (universal) system of identification – cure for “common name syndrome”
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| LINNAEUS | father of taxonomy
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| Genus species | G. species
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| CRITERION | A standard of judgment; a measure or yardstick for evaluating something
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| obligate parasite | parasite must find a host and funvtion as a parasite to survive and reproduce
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| facultative parasite | do not have to act as a parasite to reproduce
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| Mycobacterium | lack typical cell wall structure
Gram-positive cell wall structure with lipid mycolic
acid (cord factor)
• Basis for acid-fast stain used for diagnosis of infections caused by these microorganisms
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| infectous | a disease causing pathogen that can be transferred
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| genetic disease | disease passed down genetically
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| degenerative disease | breakdown disease
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| communicable | capable of being transferred from host to host
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| contagious | capable of being transferred from host to host easier
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| PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES (70s) | – Consist of two subunits: large(50s) and small(30s)
– Prokaryotic differ from eukaryotic ribosomes in size and number of proteins
– Site of protein synthesis – Found in all cells
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| S (Svedberg) | Ribosomes characterized by molecular size of components using ultracentrifuge
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| INCLUSIONS | Reserve deposits (intracellular storage bodies can be used when environmental supplies depleted)
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| CYTOSKELETON | – Many bacteria possess an internal network of protein polymers that is closely associated with the cell wall
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| Vegetative cell | – metabolically active and growing
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| Endospore | formed when exposed to adverse environmental conditions (STRESS); capable of high resistance (PROTECTED) and very long-term survival
(RESISTANT TO NORMAL CONTROL METHODS).
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| Sporulation | formation of endospores
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| Germination | return to vegetative growth
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| Endospores charecteristics | • Dehydrated, metabolically inactive
• Thick spore coat
• Longevity verges on immortality, 250 million years
• Position in vegetative cell is genetically programmed
• Elimination: Pressurized steam at 120oC for 20-30 minutes will destroy (AUTOCLAVE)
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| Phenotypic CRITERIA for PROKARYOTES | Microscopic morphology –shape, arrangement,
staining
2. Macroscopic morphology – colony appearance
3. Bacterial physiology-chemical reactions
4. Serological analysis
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| genotypic CRITERIA for PROKARYOTES | 5. Genetic and molecular analysis
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| Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology | - five volume resource covering all known prokaryotes; 1923-1994
-based on phenotypic characteristics
-volumes determined by cell wall composition -medical use (diagnostic)**
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| Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology | based on genotypic (rRNA) characteristics – phylogenetic system (evolutionary relationships)
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| Domain Archaea | primitive, adapted to extreme habitats and modes of nutrition
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| Phylum Proteobacteria | – Gram-negative cell walls
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| Phylum Firmicutes | – mainly Gram-positive with low G+c
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| Phylum Actinobacteria | Gram-positive with high G + C content
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| Rickettsias | • Very tiny, gram-negative bacteria
• Rod shaped • Most are pathogens • Obligate intracellular
pathogens *
• Transmitted by arthropod vectors
• Family Rickettsiaceae
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| Rickettsia rickettisii | Rocky Mountain spotted fever (tick
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| Rickettsia prowazekii | Epidemic Typhus (louse/pediculouse)
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| Chlamydias | Tiny • Coccoid • Obligate intracellular parasites* • Not transmitted by arthropods • Transmitted by air or contact (including sexual) • Family Chlamydiaceae (2 genera)
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| Chlamydia trachomatis | can cause urogenital infections, trachoma, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
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| Chlamydophila pneumoniae | can cause bronchitis, sinusitis, pneumonia and possibly atherosclerosis
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| Chlamydophila psittaci | can cause pneumonia (psittacosis).
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| extremophiles | Live in the most extreme habitats in nature
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| Acidophiles | Adapted to extreme acid pH
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| Halophiles | Adapted to extreme salt concentration
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| Thermophiles | Adapted to extreme temperatures
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| • Endosymbiotic Theory (Lynn Margulis) | Eukaryotic cells resulted from one prokaryotic cell
engulfing another prokaryotic cel
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| • Endosymbiotic Theory (Lynn Margulis) evidence | – Some eukaryotic organelles resemble prokaryotic cells
• Mitochondria & chloroplasts are rod-shaped, measured in ums, have 70S ribosomes, have own DNA that is similar to prokaryotic DNA
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| Flagellum | • Locomotor appendages:
• Long, sheathed cylinder containing microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
• Composed of protein tubulin
• 10x thicker than prokaryotic flagella • Function in motility
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| Cilia | • Locomotor appendages:
• Similar in overall structure to flagella, but shorter and more numerous
• Found only on a single group of protozoa* and certain animal cells
• Function in motility, feeding, and filtering
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| Glycocalyx | An outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with environment
– Usually composed of polysaccharides
– Appears as a network of fibers, either a slime layer or
a capsule
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| Glycocalyx– Significant functions | • Adherence (attachment)
• Protection from toxic chemicals
• Prevents desiccation
• Functions in signal reception
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| Cell wall | – Rigid, provides structural support and shape
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| Fungi Cell wall | have thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin
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| Algae Cell wall | varies in chemical composition; may be cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate
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| Animals Cell wall | – no cell wall
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| Nucleus | – Control center of the eukaryotic cell
– Envelope composed of two parallel membranes separated by a narrow space; perforated with pores
– Contains species specific number of chromosomes
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| Nucleolus | – dark area for rRNA synthesis
and ribosome assembly
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | • originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
• extends in a continuous network through cytoplasm;
• proteins synthesized on ribosomes;
• shunted into the ER for packaging and transport; first step in
secretory pathway
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | • closed tubular network without ribosomes;
• functions in nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of lipids
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| Golgi apparatus | – Modifies, stores, and packages proteins
– Secretes vesicles
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| Mitochondria | – Function in energy production
– Outer membrane and an inner membrane with folds
called cristae
– Cristae hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration
– Divide independently of cell
– Contain DNA and 70S prokaryotic ribosomes
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| Chloroplast | – Convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
– Found in algae and plant cells
– Outer membrane covers inner membrane folded into sacs, thylakoids, stacked into grana
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| Ribosomes eukaryotic | – 80S
– Composed of rRNA and proteins
– Scattered in cytoplasm or associated with RER
– Function in protein synthesis
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| FUNGI | • Eukaryotic cells • Single or multicellular • Heterotrophic • Mycology • Mycotoxins (produced by pathogenic fungi) • Facultative parasites • Saprophytes (Saprobes)
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| fungi NUTRITION | send out exoenzymes to break down material;
absorb digested material
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| fungi CELL WALL | Chitin
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| fungi MEMBRANE | Ergosterol
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| DIMORPHISM | ability to alter structure when
changing environments
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| MYCELIUM | MASS OF HYPHAE (Body)
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| HYPHAE | FUNGAL FILAMENTS*
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| SEPTATE | SEPARATED BY WALLS
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| COENOCYTIC/aseptate | NO WALL
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| fungi REPRODUCTION: | – ASEXUAL – SEXUAl
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| Yeast | – soft, uniform texture and appearance
– Reproduce through an asexual process called budding
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| Vegetative hyphae | digest and absorb nutrients
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| Reproductive hyphae | produce spores for reproduction
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| fungi Sexual reproduction | spores are formed following
fusion of two different strains and formation of a sexual structure
– Zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores
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| fungi Sexual spores | and spore-forming structures are used for
identification AND are the usual basis for classificatio
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| fungi aSexual reproduction | spores are formed through
budding or mitosis; two subtypes of asexual spores: conidia and sporangiospores
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| fungi aSexual spores | are used for identification
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| Phylum Zygomycota | zygospores; mostly
sporangiospores and some conidia
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| 2. Phylum Ascomycota | ascospores; conidia
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| 3. Phylum Basidiomycota | basidiospores; conidia
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| 4. Phylum Chytridomycota | – flagellated spores
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| Deuteromycota | unknown
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| Adverse impact of fungi | – Mycoses – fungal infections – Allergies- fungal cell wall substances trigger reactions – Toxin production- aflatoxin, ergot toxin; neurological
effects – Destruction of crops and food storages
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| Beneficial impact of fungi | – Decomposers of dead plants and animals – Aid in digestion in guts of herbivores – Sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins – Used in making foods
– Used in genetic studies (Recombivax)
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| PROTISTS | • EUKARYOTIC CELLS • Most UNICELLULAR (SOMETIMES COLONIAL)
Some MULTICELLULAR
• MOST MICROSCOPIC (5um TO 5mm); some macroscopic
• MOSTLY AQUATIC; SOME MARINE; SOME MOIST SOIL; SOME PATHOGENS OF HUMANS
• SURVIVAL MECHANISM: CYST
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| Algae | PLANT LIKE PROTISTS
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| Slime Molds | FUNGUS LIKE PROTISTS
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| Protozoa | ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS:
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| Algae charecteristics | • Photosynthetic organisms
• Microscopic forms are unicellular, colonial, filamentous
• Macroscopic forms are colonial and multicellular
• Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and other pigments
• Cell wall (composition varies
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| Algae charecteristics 2 | most are plankton
Provide basis of food web in most aquatic habitats
• Produce large proportion of atmospheric O2
• Most are non pathogenic
• Dinoflagellates can cause red tides and give off toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms
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| plankton | Most are free-living in fresh and marine water
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| Gelidium | marine red algae used to make agar
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| Alexandrium | • Dinoflagellate
• Produces saxitoxin (neurotoxin)
• Causes PSP paralytic shellfish poisoning
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| Gambierdiscus | • Dinoflagellate
• Produces cigua toxin in game fish like grouper & red snapper
• Causes disease ciguatera
• Toxin not inactivated by cooking
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| Pfiesteria | • DINOFLAGELLATE • 2 TOXINS: 1 WATERBORNE, 1 AIRBORNE
» Toxin attacks immune system, higher level brain function
• Life cycle: -during winter, algae eater
(amoeboid shape); kleptochloroplasts
- increased run off leads to increased fis
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| PROTOZOA | • CHEMOHETEROTOPHIC; lack chloroplasts
• UNICELLULAR; rarely colonial
• Most are harmless, free-living in a moist habitat
(aquatic, damp soil)
• Some are animal parasites (human tissue habitat) and can be spread by insect vectors
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| CYST | (protected structure; contains larval stage)
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| VEGETATIVE FORM | TROPHOZOITE
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| DEFINITIVE HOST | : final host; harbors the adult
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| INTERMEDIATE HOST | secondary host; harbors a larval or
intermediate form of parasite
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| INFECTIVE FORM | (egg, larva, cyst, trophozoite)
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| DIAGNOSTIC form | (present in stool, migrates out of body)
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| MECHANICAL VECTOR | (Passive)
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| BIOLOGICAL VECTOR | (Active)
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| Mastigophora | primarily flagellar motility, some flagellar and
amoeboid; sexual reproduction
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| Sarcodina | primarily amoeba; asexual by fission; most are free-
living; move by pseudopods
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| Ciliophora | cilia; trophozoites and cysts; most are free-living,
harmles
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| Apicomplexa | motility is absent except male gametes; sexual and asexual reproduction; complex life cycle – all parasitic
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| Entamoeba histolytica | amoebic dysentery; worldwid
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| Trypanosoma brucei | – causes African Trypanosomiasis or African Sleeping Sickness
– vector: Glossina (Tsetse Fly)
– Central Nervous System Disease (coma)
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| Trypanosoma cruzi | – causes American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas’ Disease
– Vector: Triatoma infestans (Kissing Bug)
– Cardiovascular Disease
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| Trypanosoma brucei brucei | • Equines, pigs, cattle, rodents
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| Trypanosoma brucei gambiense | • HUMANS, monkeys, dogs, pigs, antelopes
• West and Central Africa
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| Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense | • HUMANS, wild game, pigs, rats (experiments)
• East and Central Africa
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| HELMINTHS | • Eukaryotic • Multicellular Animals • Phylum Platyhelminthes
– Flat Worms
• Phylum Nematoda
– Round Worms
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| PHYLUM PLATYHELMNTHES | • Flat worms; no body cavity
• Incomplete digestive system • Mostly monoecious (hermaphroditic)
• Greatly reduced systems except reproductive
• Very efficient reproductive system (eggs and sperm)
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| PHYLUM PLATYHELMNTHES ClassTurbellaria | : free living
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| PHYLUM PLATYHELMNTHES Class Cestode | : tapeworms
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| PHYLUM PLATYHELMNTHES Class Trematode | flukes
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| CESTODES (TAPEWORMS) STRUCTURE | : scolex, proglottids
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| CESTODES (TAPEWORMS) SCOLEX | : has hooks and/or suckers
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| CESTODES (TAPEWORMS) PROGLOTTIDS | body segments
• Both male and female organs in each
proglottid: hermaphroditic aka monoecious
• Newest segments near the head
• Older segments come out with feces
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| PHYLUM NEMATODA | OUNDWORMS NONSEGMENTED REPRODUCTION: dioecious; sexual & internal SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC HABITATS: marine, freshwater, damp soil, moist plant tissues,
animal tissues
SIZE: less than 1 mm to more than a meter (blunt at anterior end; tip at posterior)
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| Mycology | study of fungi`
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| phycology | study of algae
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| protozoology | study of protozae
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| epidemiology | study of the spread of disease
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| etiology | cause of disease
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| chemotherapy | treating disease with chemicals
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| Robert Hooke | coined the term cell
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| Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek | first observed microorganisms with microscope his microscope
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| sponaneous generation/abiogenisis | living things come from non living things
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| Redi's experiment | proved spontaneous generation was wrong
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| edward jenner | pioneered the small pox vaccine
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| Semmelweis | connected infections to medical personnel coming from the autopsy room and maternity ward. forced nurses to wash hands
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| Joseph Lister | Used aseptic technique in surgery to prevent infection
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| germ theory of disease | diseases are caused by the growth of the microbes in the body
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| Louis Pasteur | Disproved sponateous genereation to the public and announced that germs caused diseases. proved microbes are everywhere and cant negotiate curves. researcher who gets credit for initiating aseptic technique in the laboratory.
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| biogenises | living things can only come from living things
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| koch | koch's postulate-a sequence of steps that verified the germ theor
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| angelina fannie | used agar to grow bacteria
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| hans christian gram | divided bacteria into two possible groups based on cell composition
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| how does a spirochete move | moves by means of axio filaments
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| ehrlich | father of chemotherapy who discovered the synthetic arsenic derivative Salvarsan that was an effective treatment for syphillis
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| golden age of microbiology | microbiology was considered a science, new microcopes
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| alexander fleming | discovered antimicrobial ability of a chemical substance of mold
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| Chain and Florey | developed penicilium
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| Margulis | proved evolution through phagocytosis
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| prusiner | showed prions caused mad cow disease
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| woese | rRna sequencing
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| strain | member of the same genus and species that have mutated to be significantly different than other members of the species.
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| basic stain | COLOR IS IN THE POSITIVE ION
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| acidic stain | color is in the negative ion
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