AP Bio Chapter 9
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Anti parallel | Pertaining to molecular orientation in which a molecule to parts of a molecule have opposing directions.
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| Bacteriophage | Any of a group of viruses that infect bacteria.
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| Base Pair | In double-stranded DNA, a pair of nucleotides formed by the complementary base pairing of a purine on one strand and a pyrimidine on the other.
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| Deoxyribonucleotide Triphosphate | The raw materials for DNA synthesis: deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), and deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP).
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| DNA ligase | Enzyme that unites broken DNA strands during replication and recombination.
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| DNA polymerase | Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the formation of DNA strands from a DNA template.
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| helical | Shaped like a screw or spring; occurs in DNA and proteins.
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| Lagging strand | In DNA replication, the daughter strand that is synthesized in discontinuous stretches.
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| Leading Strand | In DNA replication, the daughter strand that is synthesized continuously.
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| Okazaki Fragments | Newly formed DNA making up the lagging strand in DNA replication.
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| Origin of Replication | DNA sequence at which helicase unwinds the DNA double helix and DNA polymerase binds to initiate DNA replication.
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | An enzymatic technique for the rapid production of millions of copies of a particular stretch of DNA where only a small amount of the parent molecule is available.
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| Primase | An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a primer for DNA replication.
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| Primer | Strand of nucleic acid, usually RNA, that is the necessary starting material for the synthesis of a new DNA strand, which is synthesized from the 3' end of the primer.
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| Processive | Pertaining to an enzyme that catalyzes many reactions each time it binds to a substrate, as DNA polymerase does during DNA replication.
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| Replication Fork | A point at which a DNA molecule is replicating.
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| Semiconservative Replication | Replication The way in which DNA is synthesized. Each of the two partner strands in a double helix acts as a template for a new partner strand.
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| Template | A molecule or surface on which another molecule is synthesized in complementary fashion, as in the replication of DNA.
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| Transformation | A mechanism for transfer of genetic information in bacteria in which pure DNA from a bacterium of one genotype is taken through the cell surface of a bacterium of a different genotype and incorporated into the chromosome of the recipient cell.
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| Transgenic | Containing recombinant DNA incorporated into the genetic material.
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| Somatic Mutation | Permanent genetic change in a somatic cell. These mutations affect the individual only; they are not passed on to offspring
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| Mutation | A change in the genetic material not caused by recombination
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| Germ Line Mutation | produces gametes
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| Exons | A portion of a DNA molecule, in eukaryotes, that codes for part of a polypeptide
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| Introns | Portion of a gene within the coding region that is transcribed into pre-mRNA but is spliced out prior to translation
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| Silent Mutation | A change in a gene's sequence that has no effect on the amino acid sequence of a protein because it occurs in noncoding DNA or because it does not change the amino acid specified by the corresponding codon.
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| Point Mutation | A mutation that results from the gain, loss, or substitution of a single nucleotide
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| Mutagen | Any agent that increases the mutation rate
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| Deletion | mutation resulting form the loss of a continuous segment of a gene or chromosome. almost never revert to wild type
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| Duplication | mutation in which a segment of a chromosome is duplicated, often by the attachment of a segment lost from its homolog
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| Inversion | rare 180 degree reversal of the order of genes within a segment of a chromosome
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| Translocation | rare mutation event that moves a portion of a new chromosome to a new location, generally on a non homologous chromosome
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