Ultrastructure of cells
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| What does a cell do? | Different cells have different jobs, but most commonly cells can be considered miniature protein factories
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| Proteins | Can do many things such as:
Locomotion: muscle is made largely of protein
Life functions: All of the life functions performed by cells are assisted by enzymes which are catalytic proteins
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| Kingdoms of life (U1 + 2) | 1) Achaebacteria - extremophiles
2) Eubacteria - E-coli
3) Protists - Single/multi cell - no tissue
4) Fungi - Multi cellular W tissue
5) Plants - Multi cellular W tissue
6) Animals - Multi cellular W tissue
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| Prokaryote (U1 + 2) | Do NOT have membrane-bound organelles, NO nucleus (DNA in nucleoid region)
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| Eukaryote (U1 + 2) | Have membrane-bound organelles, YES nucleus, mitochondrian, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles, etc
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| Electron microscope (U3) | Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes
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| Draw Prokaryote (S1) | N/A
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| Draw Eukaryote (S2) | N/A
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| Binary Fission (A2) | Is a simple cell division. There is no nucleus disappearance/reformation and organelles do not need to be replicated and seperated
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| Plasma membrane (A1) | --Composed of a phospholipid bilayer
--A membrane surrounds the cell
--Other membranes surround certain organelles
--The ER is made of a plasma membrane
--The plasma membrane controls entry and exit of material into and out of the cell
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| Nucleus (A1) | -- Double membrane bound, containing pores for RNA and ribosomes to exit the nucleus
--Contains chromosomes made of DNA and protein
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| Ribosomes (A1) | -- Made of RNA
-- 'Read' genetic information (RNA, which is a copy og a DNA section) and produce protein based on this
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| Endoplasmis reticulum (A1) | -- Consists of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)
-- Ribosomes are often attached to outside of cisternae (rER)
-- Proteins made by ribosomes enter cisternae
-- Then packaged in vesicles (membrane-bound spheres)
-- Vesicles transport them to golgi.
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| Golgi Apparatus (A1) | -- Consists of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)
-- 'proteins' are received and processed
-- Vesicles of material exit golgi and are secreted from the cell by exocytosis or stay in the cell for intracellular use
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| Vacoules (A1) | -- Membrane-bound storage structures that are usually:
-- Produced by the golgi and contain proteins made by the cell
-- Brought into the cell by endocytosis
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| Lysosome (A1) | -- Special vesicles formed by golgi
-- Contain hydrolytic/digestive enzymes for breaking down:
-- Ingested nutrients
-- Damaged organelles
-- Entire cells
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| Mitochondria (A1) | -- Double membrane-bound
-- Inner membrane infolded to form cristae
-- Site of aerobic cellular respiration producing ATP
-- Makes useable energy for the cell
-- ATP is the energy molecule used by cells to perform chemical reactions necessary for life
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| Chloroplast (A1) | -- Double membrane-bound
-- Inner membrane compartments form thylakoids
-- Photosynthesis in the thylakoids produces carbohydrates (food) for the cell
-- Plants make the food through the chloroplast then the mitochondria makes it into usable energy
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| Cell walls (A1) | -- Animal cells do not have cell walls, but most other types of cells do
-- Cell walls provide protection and support for cell/organism
-- Help cell maintain its shape
-- Prevent cell from bursting
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| Exocrine glands of the pancreas (A1) | -- Ribosomes make digestive enzymes
-- The digestive enzymes are exocytosed by the golgi into ducts that drain into the small intestine where digestion takes place
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| Palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf (A1) | -- Much of the photosynthesis takes place in the palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf, so these cells contain many chloroplasts
-- Cell walls will also be present
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| Interpreting micrographs (S3) | Many mitochondria may indicate a lot of energy is required by the cell Eg. a muscle cell
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