controlling microbial growth
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| Principles of controlling microbial growth |
1. Microorganisms have specific requirements
2. Certain structures and/or processes are essential
3. Any control strategy has to be tailored
4. Not all control methods are equally effective
5. Not all microorganisms are equally susceptible
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| UV-rays sterilisation | 1. UV range: 50-400 nm wavelength
2. Absorbed by purine & pyramidine bases: forms pyramidine dimers
3. Doesn’t penetrate well: limited to surface sterilization
4. Uses: Sterilize some foods E.g., nuts and spices.
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| Ionizing | Dislodges electrons from atoms Damages DNA and produces peroxides
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| Disinfectants | 1. Quaternary ammonium compound
2. Halogens (iodine, chlorine)
3. Peroxides
4. Alcohols
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| Function of antibiotics: Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin, Tetracyline, Macrolides. | Protein synthesis inhibition
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| Antibiotics targeting protein synthesis inhibition | Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin, Tetracyline, Macrolides.
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| Selective toxicity | Antibiotics that kill microbial cells but not the host's cells.
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| Has stationary number of total cells and low number of viable cells | bactericidal compound
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| bactericidal compound | Has stationary number of total cells and low number of viable cells
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| Has a low total cell count and a low viable cell count | Bacteriolytic compound
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| Key features of Antiseptics | 1. How effective it is depends on: antimicrobial activity and toxicity to living tissues.
2. ability to remove microbes before injection
3. ability to reduce numbers of microbes before cut or surgery
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| Dilution test | ring dipped in colony --> ring washed with disinfectant --> ring washed with water --> ring put in nutrient broth --> effectiveness of disinfectant based on growth in broth.
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| ring dipped in colony --> ring washed with disinfectant --> ring washed with water --> ring put in nutrient broth --> effectiveness of disinfectant based on growth in broth. | Dilution test
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| Therapeutic antimicrobials | General term that is used to refer to natural and synthetic compounds with activity against microorganisms, that can be
used therapeutically.
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| General term that is used to refer to natural and synthetic compounds with activity against microorganisms, that can be used therapeutically. | Therapeutic antimicrobials
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| Inhibitors of Reverse Transcriptase | Zidovudine (AZT) and Stavudine
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| Mechanisms of Zidovudine (AZT) and Stavudine | NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG: Activated (phosphorylated) inside the infected cell and Inhibit the viral polymerase (reverse transcriptase)
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| Inhbitors of petidigylcan syntehsis | Beta lactam antibiotics: Penicillin and Cephalosporins
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| Mechanism of Beta lactam antibiotics: Penicillin and Cephalosporins | Blockage of synthesis of cross linkage in the peptidoglycan layers. Binds to the enzymes (transpeptidases) responsible for the cross-linking.
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| Main targets for antibacterial action | 1. Protein synthesis
2. Metabolism
3. Cell wall
4. Cell membrane function
5. Nucleic acid synthesis
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| Ergosterol | A steroid alcohol present in fungal cell membrane (responsible for stiffening the cell membrane)
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