Biology 1108K
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| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya | Three clades of living organisms
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| Bacteria and Archaea | The main clades that include prokaryotes
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| Eukarya | Includes eukaryotes
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| Archaea and Eukarya | ____ and _____ share a more recent common ancestor than with bacteria
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| Prokaryote and Eukaryote | two cell types
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| Prokaryotic cell | smaller and less complex, single celled, nucleoid and no internal membranes
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| Prokaryotic cell | cell that archaea and bacteria are made of
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| Eukaryotic cell | larger, more complex, can be single or multicellular, has nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
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| Eukaryotic cell | cell that makes up everything except archaea and bacteria
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| cocci, bacilli, spirilla | three common shapes of prokaryotes
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| Cocci | spheres
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| Bacilli | rods
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| Spirilla | spirals, also called spirochetes or vibrios
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| cell wall | maintains shape and provides protection. Prevents cell from lysing in hypotonic environments
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| cellulose ; chitin ; peptidoglycan | major components of cell walls of plants ; fungi ; bacteria
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| stains purple/blue | Gram positive bacteria
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| stains pink | Gram negative bacteria
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| Gram positive | bacteria with more simple cell walls, but a thicker layer or peptidoglycan
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| Gram negative | bacteria with more complex cell walls but less peptidoglycan
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| Crystal violet | used to stain gram positive bacteria
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| Safranin | used to stain gram negative bacteria
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| Capsule | sticky layer of polysaccharides or proteins that aids in attachment to substrate or other prokaryotes
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| biofilm | surface coating colony of bacteria.
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| biofilm | secretes signals that recruit nearby cells, have channels that allow movement of waste and nutrients
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| Fimbriae and attachment pilli | projections that come out of the bacterial cell, but do NOT aid in movement. Aid in attachment and conjugation
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| sex pillus | mating bridge that transfers DNA
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| Flagella | structure used for movement
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| flagella | Analogous structure found in the 3 domains of life
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| analogous structures ; convergent evolution | The flagellum of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes are _______ and are an example of __________
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| taxis | directed movement towards or away from a stimulus
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| positive taxis | movement TOWARDS a stimulus
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| negative taxis | movement AWAY FROM a stimulus
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| specialized membranes to perform metabolic functions | Prokaryotes don't have organelles, but some have
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| Respiratory Membrane | performs cellular respiration
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| thylakoid membrane | assists in photosynthesis
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| cyanobacteria | first to put oxygen in the atmosphere, use thylakoid membrane
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| circular ring | prokaryotes have a __________ of DNA
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| nucleoid region | Prokaryotic DNA is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane, but is found in the
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| haploid | all prokaryotes have one chromosome, so they are considered
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| plasmids | small rings of independently replicating DNA
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| Plasmids | often codes for antibiotic resistance and assists in the transference of this resistance to other bacteria through conjugation
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| Endospores | resistant, multilayered cells produced under adverse conditions. Copies DNA, removes water, and stops metabolism
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| binary fission | Prokaryotes reproduce via
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| Autotroph | self feeder
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| Photoautotrophs | Energy source: light
Carbon source: CO2, HCO3-
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| cyanobacteria | example of a photoautotroph
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| Chemoautotroph | Energy source: Inorganic chemicals
Carbon source: CO2, HCO3-
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| Sulfolobus | example of a chemoautotroph
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| Heterotroph | energy from another organism
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| Photoheterotroph | Energy Source: light
Carbon source: organic compounds
Unique to certain aquatic and salt-loving prokaryotes
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| Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus | example of a photoheterotroph
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| Chemoheterotrophs | Energy source: organic compounds
Carbon source: organic compounds
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| Archaea | Domain with no peptidoglycan
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| Anaerobes | Many archaea are _______
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| obligate anaerobe | can't live in the presence of oxygen
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| facilitated anaerobe | can live with oxygen but doesn't absolutely need it
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| Extremophile | archaea that can live in very extreme conditions
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| thermophile | can live in a very hot environment
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| halophile | can live in high saline environments
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| methanogens | produce CH4 as waste
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| Proteobacteria | all gram negative bacteria
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| chemoheterotrophic | prokaryotes that serve as decomposers
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| Rhizobium | autotroph that fixes N2
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| mutualism | symbiotic relationship that is +,+
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| Bioluminescence | example of mutualism
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| parasitism | symbiotic relationship that is +,-
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| pathogenic | many parasitic relationships are
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| Salmonella, chlamydia, staphyloccus | example of parasitism
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| toxins | pathogenic bacteria often produce
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| endotoxins | part of the bacteria acts as a toxin, released only when bacteria die and cell walls break down (example: salmonella)
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| exotoxins | secreted toxic proteins that can produce disease even when bacteria are not present (example: C. difficile)
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| Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta | 4 Supergroups of eukaryotes
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| Excavata, SAR | Two of the four supergroups that include only protists
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| Protist | all eukaryotes that aren't animals, land plants, or fungi
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| protist | the organisms in more eukaryotic lineages are _____
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| unicellular | most protists are
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| infoldings of plasma membrane | the endomembrane and cytoskeleton developed from
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| engulf items and package them into vessicles | the endomembrane and cytoskeleton allow cells to
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| endosymbiont | cell living within another cell
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| endosymbionts | _____ were the origin of membrane-bound organelles
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| plastid | generic term for chloroplasts and associated organelles
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| Excavate, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta | the 4 super groups
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| mixotroph | combines photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
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| flagella, cilia, pseudopdoia | Ways that protists move around
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| most are aquatic | habitat of protists
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| Asexual, occasionally able to do both | reproduction habitats of protists
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| protozoa | heterotrophic unicellular eukaryote
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| acts animal like, feed via phagocytosis | characteristics of protozoa
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| algae | photosynthetic eukaryotes other than land plants
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| protists | the supergroup Excavata is made up of only
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| excavated feeding grooves on the side of their bodies | characteristic of SOME excavata
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| Diplomonads and Parabasalids | subgroup of Excavata that lacks plastids and have reduced mitochondria
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| Giardia, Trichomonas vaginalis | examples of parabisalids
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| cysts | Diplomonads and Parabasalids sometimes form _____ that make them resistant to boiling, chlorine, etc.
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| Euglenozoan | subgroup of excavata with flagella that have internal spiral or crystalline rods
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| Kinetoplastids and Euglenids | types of Euglenozoans
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| Kinetoplastids | have kinetoplast that house extra-nuclear DNA
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| Trypanosoma | Example of a kinetoplastid
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| Euglenids | have an eyespot and light detector, many are mixotrophs
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| Euglena | example of an euglenid
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| SAR clade | originated from secondary endosymbiosis, many have plastids, possibly a monophyletic supergroup, maybe not.
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| Alveolates | the A in SAR
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| Alveolates | protists whose function is unknown but that resemble alveoli
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| Dinoflagellates | have cellulose plates, 2 flagella in grooves, often spin
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| Ceratium | example of a dinoflagellates
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| Dinoflagellates | important component of phytoplankton, often cause red tides
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| They release toxins that kill invertebrates, fish and mammals | Why are red tides bad
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| Apicomplexans | nearly all are parasites of animals
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| Apicomplexans | have complex life cycles involving two or more hosts
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| Sporozoites | Infectious hosts
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| Plasmodium | example of an Apicomplexan
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| Ciliates | Alveolates that use cilia for moving and feeding and have cilia all over in rows and tufts
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| Micro and Macro | two types of nuclei found in ciliates
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| Asexually using binary fission | How do ciliates reproduce?
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| Paramecium, Stentor | Examples of a ciliates
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| Stramenophiles | The S in SAR
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| most posses both "hairy" and "smooth" flagella | Characteristic of Stramenophiles
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| Diatoms | Unicellular, photosynthetic stramenophiles with glass-like silica walls
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| Diatomaceous Earth | fossilized diatoms
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| Chrysophyta | Golden algae
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| Stramenopile | Golden algae (chrysophyta) is a part of which super group
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| photosynthesis and some are mixotrophic | Golden algae gain nutrients how?
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| Unicellular, colonial | Chrysophyta are
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| Dinobryon | Example of chrysophyta
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| Phaeophyta | Brown algae
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| always multicellular, primarily marine | brown algae are
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| algin | cell walls of brown algae are made from
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| erosion prevention, food and habitats for many marine animals | Importance of kelp forests
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| Alternation of Generation | Brown algae goes through
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| Organism alternates through a multicellular haploid phase and a multicellular diploid phase, occurs in only multicellular algae and land plants | Alternation of generations
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| sporophyte generation that produces haploid spores by meiosis | diploid (2n) generation
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| sporangia | haploid spores are produced in
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| gametophyte generation that produces haploid gametes by mitosis | haploid (1n) generation
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| gametangia | haploid gametes are produced in
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| Rhizaria | The R in the SAR clade
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| amoebas | Rhizaria are often called
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| threadlike pseudopodia | Rhizaria are distinguished from amoebas in the Unikonta group by having
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| Archeaplastida | Supergroup that is monophyletic and the closest relative of land plants
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| Rhodophyta | the most abundant large algae in tropical oceans, most are multicellular and referred to as "sea weed"
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| Phycoerythrin | Rhodophyta contain
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| Alternation of generations | Rhodophyte often go through
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| Chlorophyta and Charophyta | Green algae with chloroplasts similar to land plants
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| Chlorophyta | Has more than 7000 species, both unicellular and multicellular
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| colonial and filamentous | Unicellular Chlorophyta can be both
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| Volvox ; Oedogonium | example of a colonial Chlorophyta ; example of a filamentous chlorophyta
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| Ulva | example of a multicellular Chlorophyta
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| alternation of generation | multicellular chlorophyta go through
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| Unikonta | Supergroup that includes animals, fungi, and protists
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| Amoebozoans | phylum with lobe shaped pseudopodia, includes slime molds and amoebas
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| Physarum | example of a slime mold
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| Producers (photosynthesis), symbiosis- Parasites, termite endosymbionts, dinoflagellates and coral | Ecological importance of Protists
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| Coral bleaching | occurs when warmer temperatures cause death of symbiotic dinoflagellates in coral
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| Archeaplastida | super group that land plants are found in
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| green algae | land plants evolved from
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| Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic, cellulose, have chloroplasts with chlorophyll a & b | Traits that plants share with protists
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| Charophytes | Land plants are most closely related to
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| Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, flagellated sperm, formation of phragmoplast, sporopollenin | Traits shared between charophytes and land plants
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| maternal tissue | In alternation of generation, embryos depend upon
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| phylum | In alternation of generation, the dominant generation depends on the
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| embryophytes | another word for land plants
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| specially named structures | gametes are held in
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| archegonia | female structure that holds gametes
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| antheridia | male structure that holds gametes
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| apical meristem | portion of plant where there is a lot of growth to reach resources; region of cell division occurs here
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| Light and CO2 above ground, H2O in soil | factors that affect the apical meristem
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| Sporangium | walled spores are produced in the
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| Sporopollenin | walls of the walled spores are formed by
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| Cuticle | prevents desiccation, offers protection
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| Secondary compounds | alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, and flavonoids that are often toxic and are used for protection
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| Mycorrhizae | absorb nutrients from the soil, even without leaves or true roots
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| bryophytes | another name for nonvascular plants
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| Vascular plants | have vascular tissue, cells joined into tubes, transport H2O and nutrients throughout the plant
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| seed | an embryo packed with nutrient supply inside a protective coat
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| gymnosperm | have "naked seeds" because they are not in flowering plants
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| Nonvascular plants | simplest land plants, smallest in size, grow in moist places
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| gametophytes ; sporophytes | In nonvascular plants, ____ is the dominant generation and _____ are present part time
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| rhizoids | roots that contain no vascular tissue, anchor nonvascular plants
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| Heptophyta, Bryophyta, Anthocerophyta | Phylums of nonvascular plants
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| Hepatophyta | common name: liverworts
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| setae | Stalks that hold up the capsule, present in Hepatophyta and Bryophyta
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| Stomata | Hepatophyta lack
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| Bryophyta | common name: mosses, have the ability to survive in diverse habitats
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| Bryophyta | phylum in which the gametophyte grows vertically rather than horizontally, unlike the sporophyte.
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| Stomata | Bryophyta posses both settee and
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| Anthocerophyta | common name: hornworts, one of the first species to colonize moist, open areas
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| Anthocerophyta | forms a symbiotic relationship (mutualism) with nitrogen fixing bacteria
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| Anthocerophyta | phylum in which the gametophyte grows more horizontally than vertically
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| Stomata | Although the setae is absent in Anthocerophyta, _____ is present
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| Sporophytes | In seedless vascular plants, _____ are the dominant generation.
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| Seedless vascular plants | more complex and branching than nonvascular plants, possibility of having multiple sporangia, have well developed and extensive vascular tissue
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| Xylem | conducts water and minerals up from roots.
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| Lignin | xylem is present in cells with
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| Phloem | distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
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| Microphylls | Small, spine-shaped leaves with a single strand of vascular tissue
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| Megaphylls | leaves that are larger, with a highly branched vascular system
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| Sporophylls | leaves that bear sporangia
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| Homosporous | One type of sporangium producing one type of spore
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| Heterosporous | Two types of sporangia producing two types of spores
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| Megaspore | develop into the female gametophyte
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| Microspore | develop into the male gametophyte
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| Lycophyta, Monilophyta, | Phylum of Seedless vascular plants
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| Lycophyta | common name: lycophytes, includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
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| epiphytes | Plants that use other plants for support, many lycophytes are this
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| Lycophyta | Have small gametophytes that can be photosynthetic above ground or nourished by fungi underground and sporophytes with small leaves
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| Monilophyta | Phylum that is most closely related to seed plants, includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns
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| Lycophytes were dominant during Devonian and Carboniferous times, contributed to global cooling. When swamps dried up, seed plants became more important | Significance of Seedless Vascular Plants
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| reduction of gametophyte trend continued, heterospory, two types (gymnosperm and angiosperm) | Derived traits of seed plants
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| Megasporangium | produces microspores that develop into ovules
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| Ovule | Megaspore + megasporangium + integuments, entire thing becomes the seed
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| Integument | seed coating, protective layer
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| Microsporangium | produces microspores that develop into pollen grains (the male gametophyte), have sporopollenin
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| Offers more protection than spores, temperature and moisture control, dormancy that can lead to a longer life, supply of stored food, dispersal | Advantages of seeds
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| Gymnosperm, angiosperm | two types of vascular plants with seeds
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| Gymnosperms | "naked seed" plants, seeds are not enclosed by the ovary, but rather are located on modified leaves that usually come from cones
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| Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferaphyta, Ginkgophyta | Phylums that belong to Gymnosperms
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| Ginkgophyta | common name: Ginkgo
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| Ginkgophyta | phylum with only one species, deciduous leaves, and tolerates air pollution well, and is Dioecious
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| Ginkgo biloba | single species in Phylum Ginkgophyta, the Maidenhair tree
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| Dioecious | has both a male and a female variety
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| Male | the _____ Ginkgo biloba tree is generally the one that is planted
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