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Lecture Exam 2
Biology 1108K
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya | Three clades of living organisms |
| Bacteria and Archaea | The main clades that include prokaryotes |
| Eukarya | Includes eukaryotes |
| Archaea and Eukarya | ____ and _____ share a more recent common ancestor than with bacteria |
| Prokaryote and Eukaryote | two cell types |
| Prokaryotic cell | smaller and less complex, single celled, nucleoid and no internal membranes |
| Prokaryotic cell | cell that archaea and bacteria are made of |
| Eukaryotic cell | larger, more complex, can be single or multicellular, has nucleus and membrane bound organelles. |
| Eukaryotic cell | cell that makes up everything except archaea and bacteria |
| cocci, bacilli, spirilla | three common shapes of prokaryotes |
| Cocci | spheres |
| Bacilli | rods |
| Spirilla | spirals, also called spirochetes or vibrios |
| cell wall | maintains shape and provides protection. Prevents cell from lysing in hypotonic environments |
| cellulose ; chitin ; peptidoglycan | major components of cell walls of plants ; fungi ; bacteria |
| stains purple/blue | Gram positive bacteria |
| stains pink | Gram negative bacteria |
| Gram positive | bacteria with more simple cell walls, but a thicker layer or peptidoglycan |
| Gram negative | bacteria with more complex cell walls but less peptidoglycan |
| Crystal violet | used to stain gram positive bacteria |
| Safranin | used to stain gram negative bacteria |
| Capsule | sticky layer of polysaccharides or proteins that aids in attachment to substrate or other prokaryotes |
| biofilm | surface coating colony of bacteria. |
| biofilm | secretes signals that recruit nearby cells, have channels that allow movement of waste and nutrients |
| Fimbriae and attachment pilli | projections that come out of the bacterial cell, but do NOT aid in movement. Aid in attachment and conjugation |
| sex pillus | mating bridge that transfers DNA |
| Flagella | structure used for movement |
| flagella | Analogous structure found in the 3 domains of life |
| analogous structures ; convergent evolution | The flagellum of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes are _______ and are an example of __________ |
| taxis | directed movement towards or away from a stimulus |
| positive taxis | movement TOWARDS a stimulus |
| negative taxis | movement AWAY FROM a stimulus |
| specialized membranes to perform metabolic functions | Prokaryotes don't have organelles, but some have |
| Respiratory Membrane | performs cellular respiration |
| thylakoid membrane | assists in photosynthesis |
| cyanobacteria | first to put oxygen in the atmosphere, use thylakoid membrane |
| circular ring | prokaryotes have a __________ of DNA |
| nucleoid region | Prokaryotic DNA is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane, but is found in the |
| haploid | all prokaryotes have one chromosome, so they are considered |
| plasmids | small rings of independently replicating DNA |
| Plasmids | often codes for antibiotic resistance and assists in the transference of this resistance to other bacteria through conjugation |
| Endospores | resistant, multilayered cells produced under adverse conditions. Copies DNA, removes water, and stops metabolism |
| binary fission | Prokaryotes reproduce via |
| Autotroph | self feeder |
| Photoautotrophs | Energy source: light Carbon source: CO2, HCO3- |
| cyanobacteria | example of a photoautotroph |
| Chemoautotroph | Energy source: Inorganic chemicals Carbon source: CO2, HCO3- |
| Sulfolobus | example of a chemoautotroph |
| Heterotroph | energy from another organism |
| Photoheterotroph | Energy Source: light Carbon source: organic compounds Unique to certain aquatic and salt-loving prokaryotes |
| Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus | example of a photoheterotroph |
| Chemoheterotrophs | Energy source: organic compounds Carbon source: organic compounds |
| Archaea | Domain with no peptidoglycan |
| Anaerobes | Many archaea are _______ |
| obligate anaerobe | can't live in the presence of oxygen |
| facilitated anaerobe | can live with oxygen but doesn't absolutely need it |
| Extremophile | archaea that can live in very extreme conditions |
| thermophile | can live in a very hot environment |
| halophile | can live in high saline environments |
| methanogens | produce CH4 as waste |
| Proteobacteria | all gram negative bacteria |
| chemoheterotrophic | prokaryotes that serve as decomposers |
| Rhizobium | autotroph that fixes N2 |
| mutualism | symbiotic relationship that is +,+ |
| Bioluminescence | example of mutualism |
| parasitism | symbiotic relationship that is +,- |
| pathogenic | many parasitic relationships are |
| Salmonella, chlamydia, staphyloccus | example of parasitism |
| toxins | pathogenic bacteria often produce |
| endotoxins | part of the bacteria acts as a toxin, released only when bacteria die and cell walls break down (example: salmonella) |
| exotoxins | secreted toxic proteins that can produce disease even when bacteria are not present (example: C. difficile) |
| Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta | 4 Supergroups of eukaryotes |
| Excavata, SAR | Two of the four supergroups that include only protists |
| Protist | all eukaryotes that aren't animals, land plants, or fungi |
| protist | the organisms in more eukaryotic lineages are _____ |
| unicellular | most protists are |
| infoldings of plasma membrane | the endomembrane and cytoskeleton developed from |
| engulf items and package them into vessicles | the endomembrane and cytoskeleton allow cells to |
| endosymbiont | cell living within another cell |
| endosymbionts | _____ were the origin of membrane-bound organelles |
| plastid | generic term for chloroplasts and associated organelles |
| Excavate, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta | the 4 super groups |
| mixotroph | combines photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition |
| flagella, cilia, pseudopdoia | Ways that protists move around |
| most are aquatic | habitat of protists |
| Asexual, occasionally able to do both | reproduction habitats of protists |
| protozoa | heterotrophic unicellular eukaryote |
| acts animal like, feed via phagocytosis | characteristics of protozoa |
| algae | photosynthetic eukaryotes other than land plants |
| protists | the supergroup Excavata is made up of only |
| excavated feeding grooves on the side of their bodies | characteristic of SOME excavata |
| Diplomonads and Parabasalids | subgroup of Excavata that lacks plastids and have reduced mitochondria |
| Giardia, Trichomonas vaginalis | examples of parabisalids |
| cysts | Diplomonads and Parabasalids sometimes form _____ that make them resistant to boiling, chlorine, etc. |
| Euglenozoan | subgroup of excavata with flagella that have internal spiral or crystalline rods |
| Kinetoplastids and Euglenids | types of Euglenozoans |
| Kinetoplastids | have kinetoplast that house extra-nuclear DNA |
| Trypanosoma | Example of a kinetoplastid |
| Euglenids | have an eyespot and light detector, many are mixotrophs |
| Euglena | example of an euglenid |
| SAR clade | originated from secondary endosymbiosis, many have plastids, possibly a monophyletic supergroup, maybe not. |
| Alveolates | the A in SAR |
| Alveolates | protists whose function is unknown but that resemble alveoli |
| Dinoflagellates | have cellulose plates, 2 flagella in grooves, often spin |
| Ceratium | example of a dinoflagellates |
| Dinoflagellates | important component of phytoplankton, often cause red tides |
| They release toxins that kill invertebrates, fish and mammals | Why are red tides bad |
| Apicomplexans | nearly all are parasites of animals |
| Apicomplexans | have complex life cycles involving two or more hosts |
| Sporozoites | Infectious hosts |
| Plasmodium | example of an Apicomplexan |
| Ciliates | Alveolates that use cilia for moving and feeding and have cilia all over in rows and tufts |
| Micro and Macro | two types of nuclei found in ciliates |
| Asexually using binary fission | How do ciliates reproduce? |
| Paramecium, Stentor | Examples of a ciliates |
| Stramenophiles | The S in SAR |
| most posses both "hairy" and "smooth" flagella | Characteristic of Stramenophiles |
| Diatoms | Unicellular, photosynthetic stramenophiles with glass-like silica walls |
| Diatomaceous Earth | fossilized diatoms |
| Chrysophyta | Golden algae |
| Stramenopile | Golden algae (chrysophyta) is a part of which super group |
| photosynthesis and some are mixotrophic | Golden algae gain nutrients how? |
| Unicellular, colonial | Chrysophyta are |
| Dinobryon | Example of chrysophyta |
| Phaeophyta | Brown algae |
| always multicellular, primarily marine | brown algae are |
| algin | cell walls of brown algae are made from |
| erosion prevention, food and habitats for many marine animals | Importance of kelp forests |
| Alternation of Generation | Brown algae goes through |
| Organism alternates through a multicellular haploid phase and a multicellular diploid phase, occurs in only multicellular algae and land plants | Alternation of generations |
| sporophyte generation that produces haploid spores by meiosis | diploid (2n) generation |
| sporangia | haploid spores are produced in |
| gametophyte generation that produces haploid gametes by mitosis | haploid (1n) generation |
| gametangia | haploid gametes are produced in |
| Rhizaria | The R in the SAR clade |
| amoebas | Rhizaria are often called |
| threadlike pseudopodia | Rhizaria are distinguished from amoebas in the Unikonta group by having |
| Archeaplastida | Supergroup that is monophyletic and the closest relative of land plants |
| Rhodophyta | the most abundant large algae in tropical oceans, most are multicellular and referred to as "sea weed" |
| Phycoerythrin | Rhodophyta contain |
| Alternation of generations | Rhodophyte often go through |
| Chlorophyta and Charophyta | Green algae with chloroplasts similar to land plants |
| Chlorophyta | Has more than 7000 species, both unicellular and multicellular |
| colonial and filamentous | Unicellular Chlorophyta can be both |
| Volvox ; Oedogonium | example of a colonial Chlorophyta ; example of a filamentous chlorophyta |
| Ulva | example of a multicellular Chlorophyta |
| alternation of generation | multicellular chlorophyta go through |
| Unikonta | Supergroup that includes animals, fungi, and protists |
| Amoebozoans | phylum with lobe shaped pseudopodia, includes slime molds and amoebas |
| Physarum | example of a slime mold |
| Producers (photosynthesis), symbiosis- Parasites, termite endosymbionts, dinoflagellates and coral | Ecological importance of Protists |
| Coral bleaching | occurs when warmer temperatures cause death of symbiotic dinoflagellates in coral |
| Archeaplastida | super group that land plants are found in |
| green algae | land plants evolved from |
| Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic, cellulose, have chloroplasts with chlorophyll a & b | Traits that plants share with protists |
| Charophytes | Land plants are most closely related to |
| Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, flagellated sperm, formation of phragmoplast, sporopollenin | Traits shared between charophytes and land plants |
| maternal tissue | In alternation of generation, embryos depend upon |
| phylum | In alternation of generation, the dominant generation depends on the |
| embryophytes | another word for land plants |
| specially named structures | gametes are held in |
| archegonia | female structure that holds gametes |
| antheridia | male structure that holds gametes |
| apical meristem | portion of plant where there is a lot of growth to reach resources; region of cell division occurs here |
| Light and CO2 above ground, H2O in soil | factors that affect the apical meristem |
| Sporangium | walled spores are produced in the |
| Sporopollenin | walls of the walled spores are formed by |
| Cuticle | prevents desiccation, offers protection |
| Secondary compounds | alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, and flavonoids that are often toxic and are used for protection |
| Mycorrhizae | absorb nutrients from the soil, even without leaves or true roots |
| bryophytes | another name for nonvascular plants |
| Vascular plants | have vascular tissue, cells joined into tubes, transport H2O and nutrients throughout the plant |
| seed | an embryo packed with nutrient supply inside a protective coat |
| gymnosperm | have "naked seeds" because they are not in flowering plants |
| Nonvascular plants | simplest land plants, smallest in size, grow in moist places |
| gametophytes ; sporophytes | In nonvascular plants, ____ is the dominant generation and _____ are present part time |
| rhizoids | roots that contain no vascular tissue, anchor nonvascular plants |
| Heptophyta, Bryophyta, Anthocerophyta | Phylums of nonvascular plants |
| Hepatophyta | common name: liverworts |
| setae | Stalks that hold up the capsule, present in Hepatophyta and Bryophyta |
| Stomata | Hepatophyta lack |
| Bryophyta | common name: mosses, have the ability to survive in diverse habitats |
| Bryophyta | phylum in which the gametophyte grows vertically rather than horizontally, unlike the sporophyte. |
| Stomata | Bryophyta posses both settee and |
| Anthocerophyta | common name: hornworts, one of the first species to colonize moist, open areas |
| Anthocerophyta | forms a symbiotic relationship (mutualism) with nitrogen fixing bacteria |
| Anthocerophyta | phylum in which the gametophyte grows more horizontally than vertically |
| Stomata | Although the setae is absent in Anthocerophyta, _____ is present |
| Sporophytes | In seedless vascular plants, _____ are the dominant generation. |
| Seedless vascular plants | more complex and branching than nonvascular plants, possibility of having multiple sporangia, have well developed and extensive vascular tissue |
| Xylem | conducts water and minerals up from roots. |
| Lignin | xylem is present in cells with |
| Phloem | distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products |
| Microphylls | Small, spine-shaped leaves with a single strand of vascular tissue |
| Megaphylls | leaves that are larger, with a highly branched vascular system |
| Sporophylls | leaves that bear sporangia |
| Homosporous | One type of sporangium producing one type of spore |
| Heterosporous | Two types of sporangia producing two types of spores |
| Megaspore | develop into the female gametophyte |
| Microspore | develop into the male gametophyte |
| Lycophyta, Monilophyta, | Phylum of Seedless vascular plants |
| Lycophyta | common name: lycophytes, includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts |
| epiphytes | Plants that use other plants for support, many lycophytes are this |
| Lycophyta | Have small gametophytes that can be photosynthetic above ground or nourished by fungi underground and sporophytes with small leaves |
| Monilophyta | Phylum that is most closely related to seed plants, includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns |
| Lycophytes were dominant during Devonian and Carboniferous times, contributed to global cooling. When swamps dried up, seed plants became more important | Significance of Seedless Vascular Plants |
| reduction of gametophyte trend continued, heterospory, two types (gymnosperm and angiosperm) | Derived traits of seed plants |
| Megasporangium | produces microspores that develop into ovules |
| Ovule | Megaspore + megasporangium + integuments, entire thing becomes the seed |
| Integument | seed coating, protective layer |
| Microsporangium | produces microspores that develop into pollen grains (the male gametophyte), have sporopollenin |
| Offers more protection than spores, temperature and moisture control, dormancy that can lead to a longer life, supply of stored food, dispersal | Advantages of seeds |
| Gymnosperm, angiosperm | two types of vascular plants with seeds |
| Gymnosperms | "naked seed" plants, seeds are not enclosed by the ovary, but rather are located on modified leaves that usually come from cones |
| Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferaphyta, Ginkgophyta | Phylums that belong to Gymnosperms |
| Ginkgophyta | common name: Ginkgo |
| Ginkgophyta | phylum with only one species, deciduous leaves, and tolerates air pollution well, and is Dioecious |
| Ginkgo biloba | single species in Phylum Ginkgophyta, the Maidenhair tree |
| Dioecious | has both a male and a female variety |
| Male | the _____ Ginkgo biloba tree is generally the one that is planted |
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