Chapter 12 - The DNA Molecule
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What is the shape of DNA? | double helix
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| What is the backbone/sides of DNA made of? | alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphates
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| What are the rungs of DNA made of? | pairs of bases (A,T,C,G)
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| What is the base pair rule? | A pairs with T; C pairs with G
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| What is the DNA subunit (preAP only)? | a nucleotide - it's made of a single base, a sugar and a phosphate
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| What are proteins? | "worker" molecules in your body (hormomes, buiders; wreckers; building blocks)
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| What is a codon? | a DNA or RNA "word" that is 3 nitrogen bases; gives info for 1 amino acid
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| what is a genetic mutation? | a change in the DNA sequence
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| What happens in DNA replication? | The DNA molecule goes through a copying process to make two identical DNA molecules.
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| What happens to the orginal DNA molecule during replication? | Each half/strand of it is used to make each new DNA molecule.
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| What molecule copies the DNA sequence and takes it to the ribosomes? | messenger RNA (mRNA)
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| What is a gene mutation? | a change in the DNA sequence of one gene.
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| Examples of genetic disorders caused by gene mutations | sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia
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| What is a chromosome mutation? | Change in structure/number of chromosomes. Nondisjunction is when centromeres fail to separate in meisosis, which if the resulting gamete is used for fertilization will usually result in severe birth defects if not miscarriage.
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| What is an example of a chromosome mutation that results in a genetic disorder? | down's syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a person has 3 copies of chromosome 21
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| What structure reads mRNA and assembles amino acids in the correct order? | ribosome
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| RNA is a ____ helix. What does the "R" stand for? | It's a single helix. R is for ribose. DNA has deoxyribose for it's sugar.
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| What are the bases of RNA? | it has a U (uracil), A, C and G, but not T
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| How else is RNA different than DNA? | it's shorter and can leave the nucleus.
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| Genetic mutations can be ________ | helpful, harmful OR neutral.
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| What has to happen for a genetic mutation to be passed on to offspring? | They have to occur in your gametes (sperm/egg cells). If a skin cell, for example, is affected, then you won't pass that on.
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| what is a genetic disorder? | an abnormal condition that an organism inherits from their parents.
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| What are proteins made of? | chains of amino acids (20 kinds)
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| What types of gene mutations are there? | substitution, insertion or deletion.
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| What happens in a substitution mutation? | one base switches for another; one amino acid can change, so protein shape and function is usually altered
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| What happens in an insertion? | one or more bases are added to the sequence; can alter every amino acids after the point; protein is too messed up to do its job.
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| What happens in a deletion? | one or more bases are removed from the sequence; can alter every amino acids after the point; protein is too messed up to do its job.
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| When will there be a frameshift? | A frameshift happens when an insertion or deletion occurs, UNLESS the number of bases added or deleted are a multiple of 3.
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