Pharmacology
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| Beta 1 consists of: | increased <3 rate, force of contraction, increased AV conduction velocity.
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| Beta 1 consists of: | Release of Renin from the Kidneys.
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| Beta 2 consists of: | Heart, lungs, skeletal muscle, dilation of arterioles&Bronchi. Relaxation of uterus, liver and enhanced contrac. skeletal muscle.
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| Dopamine Consists of: | Dilation of the kidney vasculature.
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| Alpha 2 consists of | Presynaptic nerve terminals- inhibition of transmitter release.
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| Alpha 1 consists of: | Increased pupil size, constrict of arterioles/veins, skin, viscera, mucous memb, Ejaculation of sex organs, prostatic capsule, bladder.
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| Nicotinic N | Stimulation of Parasympathetic/Sympathetic postganglion nerves&release of epi from adrenal medulla.
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| Nicotinic M | Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
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| Neuropharmacology | The study of drugs that alter processes controlled by nervous system. 2 Categories: Peripheral & Central
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| What are the steps in the post synaptic transmission? | Synthesis, Storage, Release, Receptor Binding, Termination.
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| The more types of receptors work with: | The greater our chances of producing selective drug effects.
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| Autonomic Nervous System: | Regulation of heart, Secretory glands, and smooth muscle. All are shared between Sympathetic/Parasym. nervous systems.
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| In many organs that receive DUAL INNERVATION, the innervation of these Sympathetic Nerves: | Opposes that of parasympathetic divisions.
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| But, In SOME organs, the effects are | complementary
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| The baroreceptor reflex controls | Blood Pressure
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| Autonomic Tone is the | Steady day-day influence exerted by ANS on a particular organ/system.
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| With Dual innervation, either the SNS or PSNS provides: | Most control or the predominant tone of that organ.
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| PSNS is known as | The system of rest and digestion. Mainly conserves energy&restore body resources of the organism.
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| SNS mobilizes | the organism during emergencies and stress situations. Fight/Flight.
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| In the Somatic Motor System, there is only | one neuron in the pathway from the spinal cord to the muscles.
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| What is the transmitter of PNS? | Acetylcholine.
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| What is acetylcholine released by? | All preganglionic neurons of PSNS, SNS, All postgang. neurons of PSNS, all motor neurons of skele. sys. and most postgang. neurons of SNS that go 2 sweat glands.
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| What is norepinephrine released by? | all postganglionic neurons of SNS (except sweat glands)
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| What is norepinephrine? | The transmitter released by the adrenal medulla.
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| What could dopamine serve as? | PNS transmitter.
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| Cholinergic is the receptorthat | Mediates responses to ACH. Subtypes: Nicotinic N, M & Muscarinic.
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| Adrenergic receptors mediate | Responses to Epinephrine to Norepinephrine. Subtypes: Alpha1/2, Beta 1/2
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| Dopamine receptors are considered | Adrenergic, but don't respond epinephrine/norepi. But respond to dopamine.
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| What is dopamine? | A neurotransmitter found in the CNS.
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| Epinephrine can activate | All alpha/beta receptors, but not dopamine.
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| Norepinephrine can activate | Alpha1/2, and beta 1.. but not beta 2 or dopamine.
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| Dopamine can activate | alpha/beta 1 and dopamine
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| Epinephrine is the only transmitter that can activate | Beta 2
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| Epinephrine is released from the ____, to prepare for flight/fight. | Adrenal Medulla.
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| The responses of beta 2 are: | Fight or Flight responses.
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| What is Acetylcholine destroyed by? | Acetyl cholinesterase and degrades into acetate and choline.
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| Epinephrine synthesis occurs in the | Adrenal Medulla.
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| What is a local anesthetic? | Drugs that suppress pain by blocking impulse conduction along axons.
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| IV Regional Anesthesia: | Used to anesthetize the extremities (Hands, feet, legs and arms)
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| Epidural Anesthesia: | Injecting into the epidural space, bolus or infusion, blocks nerves in the paravertebral area.
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| Spinal Anesthesia: | Injecting into the subarachnoid space, can cause hypotension, fecal/urinary incontinence, or retention.
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| Nerve Block Anesthesia: | Injection into or near the nerves that supply the surgical field but at a site distant from the field itself.
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| Surface Anesthesia: | Application to skin/mucous membrane, Lidocaine, tetracaine, cocaine is most common.
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| Procaine (Novocain) | Prototype of esters, ineffective topically(injected), readily absorbed, allergies, rare in dentistry.
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| Lidocaine | Prototype of amides, widely used, administered topically/injected, allergies rare, can treat dysrhythmias.
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| Cocaine | First discovered, ester, effects on Sympathetic/CNS, Last about 1 hr. Common in ENT. Causes vasoconstriction/tachycardia, fatal dysrhythmias
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| How do neurons regulate other cells? | Conduction of action pot. along axon of neuron, release of neurotransmitter molecules fr axon of neuron, binding of transmitter molecules to receptors on postsynaptic cell
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| A drug can alter one of two basic neuronal activities: | Axonal conduction; not very selective (local anesthetic) or Synaptic transmission;highly selective
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| The impact of a drug on a neuronally regulated process is dependent upon | the ability of that drug to directly or indirectly influence receptor activity on target cells.
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| To understand any particular peripheral nervous system drug you need 3 types or information | Type of receptor, which the drug acts. Normal response activation of those receptors. What the drug does to the receptor function.
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