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Parasympathetic/Symp
Pharmacology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Beta 1 consists of: | increased <3 rate, force of contraction, increased AV conduction velocity. |
| Beta 1 consists of: | Release of Renin from the Kidneys. |
| Beta 2 consists of: | Heart, lungs, skeletal muscle, dilation of arterioles&Bronchi. Relaxation of uterus, liver and enhanced contrac. skeletal muscle. |
| Dopamine Consists of: | Dilation of the kidney vasculature. |
| Alpha 2 consists of | Presynaptic nerve terminals- inhibition of transmitter release. |
| Alpha 1 consists of: | Increased pupil size, constrict of arterioles/veins, skin, viscera, mucous memb, Ejaculation of sex organs, prostatic capsule, bladder. |
| Nicotinic N | Stimulation of Parasympathetic/Sympathetic postganglion nerves&release of epi from adrenal medulla. |
| Nicotinic M | Contraction of Skeletal Muscle |
| Neuropharmacology | The study of drugs that alter processes controlled by nervous system. 2 Categories: Peripheral & Central |
| What are the steps in the post synaptic transmission? | Synthesis, Storage, Release, Receptor Binding, Termination. |
| The more types of receptors work with: | The greater our chances of producing selective drug effects. |
| Autonomic Nervous System: | Regulation of heart, Secretory glands, and smooth muscle. All are shared between Sympathetic/Parasym. nervous systems. |
| In many organs that receive DUAL INNERVATION, the innervation of these Sympathetic Nerves: | Opposes that of parasympathetic divisions. |
| But, In SOME organs, the effects are | complementary |
| The baroreceptor reflex controls | Blood Pressure |
| Autonomic Tone is the | Steady day-day influence exerted by ANS on a particular organ/system. |
| With Dual innervation, either the SNS or PSNS provides: | Most control or the predominant tone of that organ. |
| PSNS is known as | The system of rest and digestion. Mainly conserves energy&restore body resources of the organism. |
| SNS mobilizes | the organism during emergencies and stress situations. Fight/Flight. |
| In the Somatic Motor System, there is only | one neuron in the pathway from the spinal cord to the muscles. |
| What is the transmitter of PNS? | Acetylcholine. |
| What is acetylcholine released by? | All preganglionic neurons of PSNS, SNS, All postgang. neurons of PSNS, all motor neurons of skele. sys. and most postgang. neurons of SNS that go 2 sweat glands. |
| What is norepinephrine released by? | all postganglionic neurons of SNS (except sweat glands) |
| What is norepinephrine? | The transmitter released by the adrenal medulla. |
| What could dopamine serve as? | PNS transmitter. |
| Cholinergic is the receptorthat | Mediates responses to ACH. Subtypes: Nicotinic N, M & Muscarinic. |
| Adrenergic receptors mediate | Responses to Epinephrine to Norepinephrine. Subtypes: Alpha1/2, Beta 1/2 |
| Dopamine receptors are considered | Adrenergic, but don't respond epinephrine/norepi. But respond to dopamine. |
| What is dopamine? | A neurotransmitter found in the CNS. |
| Epinephrine can activate | All alpha/beta receptors, but not dopamine. |
| Norepinephrine can activate | Alpha1/2, and beta 1.. but not beta 2 or dopamine. |
| Dopamine can activate | alpha/beta 1 and dopamine |
| Epinephrine is the only transmitter that can activate | Beta 2 |
| Epinephrine is released from the ____, to prepare for flight/fight. | Adrenal Medulla. |
| The responses of beta 2 are: | Fight or Flight responses. |
| What is Acetylcholine destroyed by? | Acetyl cholinesterase and degrades into acetate and choline. |
| Epinephrine synthesis occurs in the | Adrenal Medulla. |
| What is a local anesthetic? | Drugs that suppress pain by blocking impulse conduction along axons. |
| IV Regional Anesthesia: | Used to anesthetize the extremities (Hands, feet, legs and arms) |
| Epidural Anesthesia: | Injecting into the epidural space, bolus or infusion, blocks nerves in the paravertebral area. |
| Spinal Anesthesia: | Injecting into the subarachnoid space, can cause hypotension, fecal/urinary incontinence, or retention. |
| Nerve Block Anesthesia: | Injection into or near the nerves that supply the surgical field but at a site distant from the field itself. |
| Surface Anesthesia: | Application to skin/mucous membrane, Lidocaine, tetracaine, cocaine is most common. |
| Procaine (Novocain) | Prototype of esters, ineffective topically(injected), readily absorbed, allergies, rare in dentistry. |
| Lidocaine | Prototype of amides, widely used, administered topically/injected, allergies rare, can treat dysrhythmias. |
| Cocaine | First discovered, ester, effects on Sympathetic/CNS, Last about 1 hr. Common in ENT. Causes vasoconstriction/tachycardia, fatal dysrhythmias |
| How do neurons regulate other cells? | Conduction of action pot. along axon of neuron, release of neurotransmitter molecules fr axon of neuron, binding of transmitter molecules to receptors on postsynaptic cell |
| A drug can alter one of two basic neuronal activities: | Axonal conduction; not very selective (local anesthetic) or Synaptic transmission;highly selective |
| The impact of a drug on a neuronally regulated process is dependent upon | the ability of that drug to directly or indirectly influence receptor activity on target cells. |
| To understand any particular peripheral nervous system drug you need 3 types or information | Type of receptor, which the drug acts. Normal response activation of those receptors. What the drug does to the receptor function. |
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