quiz 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| proteins | cell structure, energy, hormones, cell surface receptors, etc.
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| amino acids | basic unit of proteins
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| denaturing | breaking of H bonds resulting in loss of protein conformation and function
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| nucleic acids | control cellular activities
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| nucleotides | basic units of nucleic acids
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| DNA | store information about cell function in molecular code, passed on when cells reproduce
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| RNA | help synthesize proteins coded for by DNA
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| cells are measured in what unit? | micrometers (1/1000mm)
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| nucleus | centrally located, control center of cell
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| cytoplasm | surrounds nucleus, area within cell membrane
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| cell membrane | surrounds cytoplasm
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| organelles | distributed throughout cytoplasm
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| cytosol | fluid component of cytoplasm; clear fluid in which cytoplasmic structures are suspended
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| cell or plasma membrane | thin, highly flexible, complex surface features. regulates passage of substances into and out of cell. transmits stimulation from outside cell (signal transduction)
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| structure of cell or plasma membrane | consists of lipids (including cholesterol) and proteins, some carbohydrates
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| lipid bilayer | phospholipids have polar "head" and nonpolar "tail" Head is hydrophilic (attracts water molecules), the nonpolar tail is hydrophobic (repels water molecules)
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| fluid mosaic | lipid molecules are free to move sideways (in place of the membrane), forming a thin, stable, liquid film
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| permeability | selectively permeable (liquid soluble molecules pass through easily) (water-soluble molecules cannot pass through)
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| transmembrane proteins | extend through lipid bilayer, and protrude into both cytoplasm and outside surface of membrane
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| peripheral proteins | project from the membrane's outer surface
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| integral proteins | span the membrane
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| shape classifications | fibrous proteins - tightly coiled, rod-like
globular proteins - more compact
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| cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) | determines cell interactions with other cells
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| carbohydrates | glycoproteins and glycolipids - cell-to-cell recognition, and receptors
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| inclusions | temporarily-stored chemicals, such as nutrients or melanin
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| cytoskeleton | framework of protein rods and tubules
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| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis; found attached to ER membranes and scattered throughout cytoplasm; composed of protein and RNA molecules
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| polysomes | clusters of ribosomes in cytoplasm, which can quickly synthesize large amounts of proteins
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| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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| rough endoplasmic reticulum | contains ribosomes; function: synthesize proteins
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| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | lacks ribosomes; functions: transports products of rough ER, synthesizes lipids, absorption of fats from digestive tract, metabolism of drugs
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| vesicles | Function: membranous sacs which form by pinching off of cell membrane, used for transporting substances within cell
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| Golgi apparatus | Function: processing and packing center for proteins and lipids produced in the ER; molecules of glycoproteins (sugars bound to proteins) from ER attach to receptors of Golgi apparatus
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| secretory vesicles | bud off outermost end of Golgi apparatus, and travel with altered molecules to cell membrane
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| mitochondria | function: produces reactions which release energy (in the formation of ATP) from glucose and other organic molecules
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| cristae | folds of inner membrane; contain enzymes which facilitate energy-producing reactions
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| lysosomes | Function: contain enzymes capable of breaking down cellular or nutrient material
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| peroxisomes | Function: catalyze formation of substances that break down, or digest substances which may be harmful to the cells
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| centrosome | consists of 2 centrioles (hollow cylinders)
Function: controls chromosome distribution during cell division
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| Microfilaments & Microtubules | thin, threadlike processes within the cytoplasm. Functions: cause various types of cellular movement, provide internal structure and strength to cell and parts
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| cilia and flagella | motile (moveable) structures which project outward from cell surface. Function: to move cell through environment (flagellum) or move fluids and particles across cell surface (cilia)
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| nuclear envelope | (double layered membrane); divides nucleus form the rest of the cell, protein-linked channels called nuclear pores allow certain molecules to exit the nucleus. Function: regulates passage of molecules into and out of nucleus
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| Nucleoplasm | fluid within nuclear envelope
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| nucleolus | RNA+protein; Function: assists in production of ribosomes
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| chromatin | DNA +protein (loosely coiled) Function: direct protein synthesis through information contained in DNA... Strands condense at reproduction phase, chromosomes become visible
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| diffusion | spontaneous movement of molecules from region of higher to region of lower concentration
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| facilitated diffusion | protein carrier molecules facilitate molecular movement from higher to lower concentrations
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| osmosis | movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration
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| osmotic pressure | ability to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water
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| hypertonic solution | solute ions more concentrated outside cell membrane: water moves inside to outside
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| hypotonic solution | solute ions more concentrated inside cell membrane: water moves outside to inside
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| isotonic solution | solute ions equally concentrated outside and inside:no net movement of water
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| filtration | molecules forced through membranes by higher pressure on one side
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| active transport | movement from lower to higher concentrations
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| protein carrier molecules | pumps, change shape when bound to molecule to be carried
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| vesicle formation mechanisms | molecules too large to enter by other mechanisms
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| endocytosis | bringing substances into cell
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| pinocytosis | liquids
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| phagocytosis | solids (phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign organisms)
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| receptor-mediated endocytosis | protein receptors bind only specific kinds of particles from outside the cell, and move them through the cell membrane... specific particles are called ligands
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| exocytosis | expelling substances from cell in a reverse of the process of endocytosis
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| transcytosis | combines endo - and exocytosis to transport particles across cells
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| checkpoints | events which control the cell cycle
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| what is cell cycle regulated by? | hormones, growth factors
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| inerphase | large amount of synthetic activity.. several phases.. S phase-DNA replicated, G1 phase - cell undergoes growth, G2 phase when other structures are replicated in preparation for cell division
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| Mitosis | meiosis (reduction division) - sex cells only
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| mitosis and cytokineses increases what? | cell numbers
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| Mitosis phases.. | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
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| prophase | chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope disintegrates, spindle fibers form
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| metaphase | chromosomes line up along midline of cell, spindle fibers attach to centrosomes
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| anaphase | chromatids separate, move toward opposite ends of cell
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| telophase | chromatids complete movement to ends, nuclear envelope re-forms, nucleoli appear, microtubules disassemble into molecules
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| cytokinesis | pinches inward, separating the two newly formed nuclei, and distributing half the organelles into each new cell
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| cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) | begins during anaphase; cell membrane starts to constrict down the middle (clevage furrow)
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| telomeres | number of cell divisions is under the control of a built-in "clock" at the tips of the chromosomes. shorten with each division, until, the cell no longer divides
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| tumors | too frequent or continual mitosis
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| benign | remains in place, but grows to interfere with function
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| malignant | grows outward, extensions, eventually cells migrate to other areas of the body
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| oncogenes | abnormal versions of genes that regulate cell cycle
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| inactive tumor suppressor genes | leads to uncontrolled mitosis
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| differentiation | the process of cell specialization
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| stem cells | cells that retain the ability to divide repeatedly without specialization
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| progenitor cell | slightly more specialized than a stem cell
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| apoptosis | cell death as a result of normal development rather than injury or disease
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| apoptosis steps | rounds up and bulges.. nuclear membrane breaks down.. chromatin condenses.. enzymes chop the chromosomes into small pieces.. cell shatters into membrane-enclosed fragments.. scavenger cells consume and digest the fragments
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| anabolism | buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones (growth and repair)
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| dehydration synthesis | linking smaller units into larger molecules removes a hydroxyl group (OH) and a hydrogen atom which react to produce water (H2O)
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| catabolism | breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
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| hydrolysis | decomposes carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, and splits a water molecule in the process often reversible, although enzymes for catabolism are often different from those of anabolism
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| activation energy | promote chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed to start the reaction
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| catalysis | speed up rates of chemical reactions
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| substrate | particular chemical on which enzymes act
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| metabolic pathways | sequences of enzyme-controlled reactions
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| rate-limiting enzyme | often the first enzyme in a series
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| cofactor | nonprotein component
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| coenzyme | may be an ion of an element, or a small organic molecule, such as a vitamin
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| vitamins | essential organic molecules that cannot be synthesized at all or in sufficient amounts, and must come from the diet
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| oxidation | cells release energy from glucose molecules
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| what is ATP? | adenosine triphosphate
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| what is ADP? | adenosine diphosphate
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| glycolysis | occurs in the cytosol, does not require oxygen (anaerobic), produces pyruvic acid
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