Biology-Unit4-Evolution
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| evolution | the process of change by which new species develop from preexisting species over time
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| species | a group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring; also the level of classification below genus and above subspecies
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| fossil | the trace or remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary rock
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| variation | differences in physical traits of an individual from the group to which it belongs
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| adaptation | the process of becoming adapted to an environment; an anatomical, physiological, or population's ability to survive
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| biogeography | the study of the geographical distribution of living organsims and fossils on Earth
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| homologous structure | body part that is similar in structure on different organisms but performs different functions
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| analogous structure | body part that is similar in function as a body part of another organism but is structurally different
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| vestigial structure | remnants of an organ or structure that functioned in an earlier ancestor
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| gene flow | the movement of genes into or out of a popoulation due to interbreeding
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| genetic dift | the random change in allele frequency in a population
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| bottleneck effect | genetic drift that results from an event that drastically reduces the size of population
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| founder effect | genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area
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| sexual selection | an evolutionary mechanism by which traits that increase the ability of individuals to attact or acquire mates appear with increaseing frequency in a population
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| reproductive isolation | a state in which a particular set of populations can no longer interbreed to produce future generations of offspring
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| speciation | the formation of new species as a result of evolution
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| behavioral isolation | isolation between population due to differences in courtship or mating behavior
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| geographic isolation | isolation between populations due to physical barriers
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| temporal isolation | isolation between populations due to barriers related to time, such as differences in mating periods or differences in the time of day that individuals are the most active
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| convergent evolution | the process by which unrelated species became more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment
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| divergent evolution | evolution of one or more closely related species into differen species; resulting from adaptations to different environmental conditions
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| coevolution | the evolution of two or more species that is due to mutual influence often in a way that makes the relationship more mutually beneficial
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| extinction | the death of every member of a species
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| cyanobacteria | bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis
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| endosymbiosis | a mutually beneficial relationship in which one orgnaism lives within another
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| phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species or taxonomic group
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| cladistics | a phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa
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| cladogram | a diagram that is based on patterns of shared derived traits and that shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms
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| derived character | a feature or trait involved only within a particular taxonomic group
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| taxonomy | the science of describing, naming and classifying organsisms
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| taxon | any taxonomic group of any rank in a hierarchical classification of organisms,; for example: genus, species, or class
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| binomial nomenclautre | a system for giving each organisms a two -word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name.
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| genus | the level of classification that comes after family and contains similar species
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| domain | the most broad taxon for classifying living organisms of which there are three: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota
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