english short story terms
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| Setting | place in which the actions of the story take place
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| protagonist | character who the audience is rooting for because of a personal habit with him or her
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| conflict | what the protagonist must face that is hard in the story
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| foreshadowing | words or actions that shows what might happen later on
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| climax | when the protagonist is facing his enemy and you don't know who will win
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| irony | the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning
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| allegory | a representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning through concrete or material forms
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| point of view | a specified or stated manner of consideration or appraisal; standpoint
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| characterization | describing the character
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| direct presentation | character is told to us straight out by analyzing/ or another character
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| indirect presentation | shows us the characters through their actions(dramatized)
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| dramatized | shows us who they are through situations in story
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| flat characters | their traits easily summed up in 2 or 3 sentences
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| round characters | complex; 3-dimensional (real people)
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| moralizing human experience | put out on the paper right there; easily seen(moral)
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| dramatized human experience | to make you think about it by over doing the situation (makes you think of moral)
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| stock character | stereotyped; we know them at once
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| static character | same person through whole book
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| developing (dynamic) character | undergoes some distant change. They have an EPIPHANY
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| omniscient p.o.v | 3rd person; not a character, all knowing; can get into the mind of everyone
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| third-person limited p.o.v | 3rd person; only knows what they know and see happening- one character
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| first person p.o.v | exactly like 3rd person limited but it is in 1st person
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| point of view | who tells the story, and therefore, of how it gets told
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| stream of consciousness | apparently random thoughts going through a characters head within a certain period of time
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| object p.o.v. | 3rd person; can see physical things but not psychological. Like a camera- can't go past the surface. (Also called DRAMATIC POINT OF VIEW)
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| Author of "The Lottery'? | Shirley Jackson
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| important facts of the setting of "The Lottery" | summer, atmosphere=happy turning to nervous., mid-west farming region
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| Mrs. Hutchinson- "The Lottery" | Mrs. Hutchinson--> indirect because she "forgets" what day it was, we aren't told she is forget full or thinks that this day isn't that important we are shown it
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| Tessie- "The Lottery" | static character because she doesn't change. she doesn't have an epiphany about the whole ordeal happening, she only reacts this way because her family/she was the one to be stoned
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| Old Man Warner-"The Lottery" | direct--> it says that he is old etc
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| Attitudes towards the lottery | Mr. Summers--> developed a routine; Old Man Warner--> for the lottery, doesn't want to change tradition; Mr. Mrs. Adams--> not want it anymore, talk about the other towns who don't do it anymore; Villagers--> agree with it. All they ever knew
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| P.O.V in "The Lottery" | objective p.o.v.-> just knows what you see and hear. Detached tone, shows how horrifying the story is
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| Plot Structure of "The Lottery" | conflict= NO one knows who would be picked; then someone had to be killed. Tessie is killed. Antagonist- lottery Conflict also- society vs. tradition= not resolved; stays the same
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| Irony of "The Lottery" | situational irony- Tessie has to die when she came late to the lottery. The title "The Lottery"= Lottery usually is good thing; not in this story
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| "How I Met My Husband"-author | Alice Munro
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| Antagonist | the person who is competing or struggling against the good guy or protagonist
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| coincidence | a striking occurrence of two or more events; apparently by chance
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| plot | storyline; the plan , scheme, or main story of a lit. work
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| foil character | minor character whose situation or actions parallel those of a major character; compliments/highlights mayor character's situation
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| situational irony | when the unexpected thing happens
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| p.o.v. of "How I Met My Husband" | 1st person. The Person is Edie, she is 15 years old in the story but the story is being told by the adult verision of herself. The Adult Edie is reflecting upon the experience and giving insight upon this certain situation
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| "How I Met My Husband" | title= situational irony b/c we think Chris is gonna be the husband but really its the mailman. Time= after WWI
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| Edie- In "How I Met My Husband" | Edie's fmaily is a classic country family so when she goes to the Peebles she is amazed by everything. She is very naive. She is shy, not experienced in the world- ex "Are you intimate with him"- "yes"
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| Foil character in "How I Met My husband" | Alice is the foil character. She effects Edie's future when she walked in. Alice keeps running after Chris but Edie, by moving one, got the better deal by marring the mailman
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| verbal irony | is the figure of speech in which the speaker says the opposite of what he or she intends to say
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| dramatic irony | contrast between what a character says or thinks and what the reader knows to be true
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| irony of situation | most important. discrepancy between appearance and reality or between expectation and fulfillment or between what is and what would be
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| sentimenality | not genuine emotion:forced or unearned emotion
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| editoralize | instruct us how to feel
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| poeticize | use of immoderately heightened and distended language to accomplish their efforts
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| Theme | a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. IT IS NOT MORAL
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| "Everyday Use"- author | Alice Walker
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| p.o.v of "everyday use" | 1st person; unreliable because she is the only one interpreting the events. Mama is the narrator .
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| Mama- "Everyday Use" | Does everything like a man can do. Indirect- gives her kids what they want> Dee commands/ scares her mom. Mama doesn't know what to do; how to stand up to her
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| Dee- "Everyday Use" | very commanding/leader. temper: scalding humor-sarcastic/ bitter
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| pathos | a quality that evokes pity or sadness
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| irony | a situation or a use of language involving some kind of incongruity or discrepancy
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| symbol | something that means more than what it is; an object, person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meaning as well
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| example of pathos in "The Drunkard" | when father gets mad at Larry for being drunk. When Larry has to act as a guardian for his grown father
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| irony in "The Drunkard" | larry getting drunk
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| symbol in "The Drunkard" | "The Drunkard"
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| "The Drunkard"-humor/sad | Larry acting as a stereotypical drunk. yelling at the lady's. a little boy being drunk... little kid gets drunk with father. Father is more important about his pride when safety of Larry. sad position for Larry to be in, to stop his fathers drinking
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| p.o.v. of "The Drunkard" | Adult looking back
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| :The Drunkard" symbols-clock | clock represents cylce of drinking/dry spell. Circular motion. When the clock is gone the tension is really bad and he is alone because his father is drinking
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| Symbol | something that means more then what it suggests one the surface
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| Allegory | story that has a second meaning beneath the surface, endowing a cluster of charachters, objects, or events with added significance; other the pattern relates each literal item to a corresponding abstract idea or moral principle
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| fantasy | is one that transcends the bounds of known reality
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| magical realism | real setting with improbable events
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| fiction | story that didn't happen but could. sounds realistic but made up to create a story. Fantasy is a type of fiction
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| fantasy | couldn't happen but still probable
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| "The Cask of Amontillado"- | Edgar Allen Poe
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| Montresor | mason/win-direct characterization. Motto/wine-indirect characterization. he thinks he is the good guy. Motivation: revenge- take Fortunato out of win successes/little things Fortunato did/ Fortunato insultshim/rivalry/Fortunato being better then him/Pride
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| 1st passage of "The Cask.." | Montresor puts on a good guy face but is plotting evil inside. Wants the readers to think he has a real reason and that he is the good guy- SNEAKY. wants Fortunato to know the reason why he has died
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| Fortunato | arrogant/wealthy connosseur. Wants Amontillado so badly- PRIDE. provoked by Luchesi
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| 2nd passage of "The Cask..." | setting: carnival. He is drunk- happy mood. Montresor is pleased to see him- irony
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| 3rd passage in "The Cask..." | MOntresor told servants to stay home when he knows they will leave to party- irony.= reverse psychology
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| 4th passage of ... | Montresor is jealous of Fortunato. "you will not die of a cough"- "true"- ironic
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| last passage- | stiuational irong: stops building wall. "my hear grew sick"
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| YGB- What is the importance of the setting/atmosphere of the first 2 pages? who is the author? | dark, eerie..Salem- witch town. Going one a mission for a present evil purpose- Faith doesn't want him to go. it is sunset/night. They are both on the edge/nervous. Nathaniel Hawthrone.
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| equivocation | a sneaky way of telling the truth
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| diction | word choice
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| "his present evil purpose" | evil- negative word. dreary road/gloomiest trees. lonely footsteps/only one in the forest as he walks .< loneliness and darkness
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| oldman/devil | 50 years old but resemblance to YGB. decent attire> direct. INdirect--> staff with a serpent on it. Antagonist. Round--> complex; two sided; happy face/devil. indirect--> he laughs at YGB; shows he is cruel
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| why is the resemblance so important? | the devil has taken on the shape of TGB's relatives. But why is this...if he was just a devil looking like one YGB may not have continued on. The resemblance is kind of safety
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| P.O.V.- | 3rd person limited from YGB p.O.V. up until last paragraph. last paragraph= author telling us; talking to us
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| YGB about himself | he feels he can resist the temptation in the forest. he has some hubris
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| seeing the upstanding people in the forest | Goody Cloyse- religion teacher. allusion. he feels betrayed because all these people who taught him his religion are evil
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| conflict of "YGB" | temptation
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| why does YGB go into the forest? | he is curious and he thinks he can go in and come back out just fine. He leaves behind his Faith. He feels there is know play in his life where faith doesn't belong.
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| "Welcome my children...to the communion of your race...you have found your nature and your destiny" | saying they are all in the communion for awhile. you are going to belong to something.
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| What is the prize and why is it bad. in YGB | Devil says this to get YGB to join time. The prize is to see into peoples heart. but since he is the father of lies he really isn't free. He can't forget the "dream" he lives with doom and gloom because he is bound by the knowledge the evil gave him
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