PathoPharm II
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| Afterload | pressure against which heart must pump
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| Angina Pectoris | Cp a/w anaerobic metabolism from decreased O supply to myocardium
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| Automaticity | Ability of a cardiac muscle cell to contract independently, w/o stimulation
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| Cardiac Output | Amount of blood pumped out of LV each minute
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| Cardiac Output | HR x Stroke volume
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| Collateral Circulation | Additional outgrowth of tiny vessels that supply heart muscle w/ oxygenated blood
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| CHF | Inability of heart to pump sufficient blood to maintain adequate oxygen and nutrients to tissues; results in weakness, sob, edema
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| Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) | atherosclerotic plaque deposits lining walls of coronary arteries and narrowing these vessels, causing decreased oxygen to myocardium
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| ECG or EKG | Graphic representation of electrical heart activity
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| Intermittent Claudication | Cramping in lower extremities, especially when walking or with exercise
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| Ischemia | Insufficient blood flow leading to decreased Oxygen supply to tissues causing anaerobic cellular metabolism rather than aerobic metabolism
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| Mitral Valve Prolapse | Mitral valve opens backward toward atrium causing regurgitation of blood from ventricle to atrium
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| Myocardial Infarction (MI) | Death of myocardium tissue caused by lack of Oxygen
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| Myocarditis | Inflammatory disorder of heart muscle that is unrelated to CAD or MI
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| Pericarditis | Inflammation of pericardium and/or pericardial sac surrounding heart
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| Preload | Volume of blood returning to heart, creating "stretch" or tension of myocardial fibers at end diastole
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| Reentry Phenomenon | Blockage of an impulse through a bundle branch, causing impulse to retrograde backwards, reenter other side, and cause a premature contraction
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| Regurgitation | Blood flows backward through a valve that should be closed but cannot close completely because of damage or disease
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| Stenosis | Hardening of heart valves causing blood to not flow through effectively
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| Stroke Volume | Amount of blood ejected from LV with each heartbeat
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| Ventricular Fibrillation | Chaotic; irregular quivering of ventricles which is a lethal dysrhythmia requiring immediate defibrillation
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| p wave | before atrial systole
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| QRS Complex | before ventricular systole
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| T wave | before ventricular diastole
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| Lumen | Channel within these vessel through which blood flows
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| Aterioles | Smallest arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
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| Capillaries | Small network of tiny bvs made of very thin wall that allow for diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, CO2, and waste, slow flow due to small diameter
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| BP | Measurement of force exerted by blood against the wall of a BV
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| Systolic pressure | Highest bp reading
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| Diastolic pressure | Lowest bp reading
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| Stent | Stainless steel tube placed within BV or duct to widen the lumen
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| Bundle Branch Block (BBB) | Electrical impulse blocked from traveling down the bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at different rate than atria
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| Cardiomyopathy | Disease of myocardium; can be caused by OH abuse, parasites, viral infection, and CHF
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| Coronary artery disease | Insufficient blood supply to muscle of heart due to obstruction of arteries; may be caused by atherosclerosis and lead to angina pectoris or MI
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| Endocarditis | Inflammation due to bacteria or abnormal immunological response
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| Flutter | Arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly but in regular pattern
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| Heart valve prolapse | Cusps of heart valve are too loose allowing regurgitation
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| Heart valve stenosis | Cusps of heart valve are too stiff making it difficult for blood to get through
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| Tetralogy of Fallot | Combination of four congenital abnormalities: pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, and hypertrophy of right ventricle
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| Aneurysm | Weakness in the wall of an artery resulting in localized widening of the artery
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| Arteriosclerosis | Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of walls of arteries
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| Atherosclerosis | Caused by formation of cholesterol plaques (most common form of arteriosclerosis)
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| Coarctation of aorta | Severe congenital narrowing of the aorta
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| Hypotension | Decrease in bp; can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches
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| Primary htn | rt to cardiovascular disease
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| Secondary htn | high blood pressure r/t another disease besides cardiovascular
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| Patent ductus arteriosus | Congenital anomaly in which connection btwn pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at brith
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| Raynaud's Phenomenon | Periodic ischemic attacks affecting the extremities of body causing them to be cyanotic and very painful; arterial constriction due to extreme cold or stress
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| ACE Inhibitors | Produce vasodilation and decrease BP
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| ACE Inhibitors | Benazepril, Lotensin; Catopril, Capoten
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| Antiarrhythmic | Reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias
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| Antiarrhythmic | flecainide, Tambocor; ibutilide, Corvert
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| Anticoagulant | Prevent blood clot formation
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| Anticoagulant | warfarin, Coumadin
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| Antilipidemic | Reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in blood
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| Antilipiemic | atorvastatin, Lipitor; simvastatin, Zocor
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| Beta Blockers | Treats htn and angina by lowering HR
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| Beta Blockers | meoprolol, Lopressor; propranolol, Inderal
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| Calcium Channel Blockers | Treats htn, angina, and HF by causing heart to beat less forcefully and less often
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| Calcium Channel Blockers | diltiazem, Cardizem; nifedipine, Procardia
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| Cardiotonic | Increases the force of cardiac muscle contraction, treats HF
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| Cardiotonic | digoxin, Lanoxin
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| Diuretic | Increases urine production by kidneys, which work to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower BP
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| Diuretic | furosemide, Lasix
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| Thrombolytic | Dissolves existing blood clots
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| Thrombolytic | clopidogrel, Plavix; alteplase, Activase
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| Vasoconstrictor | Contracts smooth muscle of BVS thereby raising BP
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| Vasoconstrictor | metaraminol, Aramine
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| Vasodilator | Relaxes smooth muscle of arteries increasing diameter; increases circulation and reduces BP
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| Vasodilator | nitroglycerine, Nitro; isosorbide, Ismo
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| Inotropic effect | A change in contractility of heart
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| Positive Inotropic agent | Increase contractility (epinephrine, NE, thyroid hormone, dopamine)
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| Negative inotropic agents | Decrease contractility (quinidine and beta adrenergic antagonists)
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| Class I HD | Cardiac dx, but no limitations in activity
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| Class II HD | HD w/ slight limitations - DOE, not at rest
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| Class III HD | HD with marked limitation of activity such as ADL
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| Class IV HD | HD, can't do ADL, dyspnea on rest
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| Sinus Arrhythmia | C/B increased vagal tone, digoxin toxicity, or morphine
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| Sinus Tachycardia | Normal response to fever, stress, exercise, hypoxia, anemia, hypovolemia, hyperthyroidism, cardiogenic shock
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| Sinus Bradycardia | C/B increased vagal tone, depressed automaticity, pain, increased intracranial pressure, acidosis, digoxin, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers
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| Sick Sinus Syndrome | C/B injury during surgery, fibrosis, digoxin, beta blockers, ca channel blockers
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| Premature Atrial Contractions | C/B strong emotions, excessive OH, tobacco, caffeine, Digoxin toxicity, hypoK/Mg, alkalosis
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| Atrial Tachycardia or PSVT | C/B sympathetic nervous system stimulation, fever, sepsis,hyperthroidism
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| Atrial Flutter | Sympathetic nervous system stimulation, anxiety, OH intake, caffeine
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| Atrial Fibrillation | C/B Thyrotoxicosis, HTN, hyperthyroidism
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| Junctional Rhythm | C/B digoxin toxicity, quinidine rxn, betablocker/Ca channel blocker overdose, hyperK, increased vagal tone, damage to AV node
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| PVC | C/b anxiety, stress, tobacco OH, caffeine, electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, thrombolytic therapy
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| Ventricular Tachycardia | Anorexia, metabolic disorders, drug toxicity
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| Reentry Phenomenon | Blockage of an impulse through a bundle branch, causing impulse to retrograde backwards, reentering other bundle branch and causing a premature beat
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| Supraventricular | Originate in the atria
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| Sinus Rhythm | generates new action potential ~75x/minute with norml range of 60-100 bpm
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| AV Node | generates action potentials when SA node can't; rate of 40-60 bpm
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| AV Bundle and Purkinje Fibers | generate myocardial contractions when SA and AV nodes can't, rate of ~30 bpm
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| angiotensin II | Most potent natural vasoconstrictor; stimulates aldosterone
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| aldosterone | Causes body to retain water increasing blood volume and BP
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| reflex tachycardia | Compensatory response to sudden BP decrease; forces heart to work harder and increases BP
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| Angiotensin II | Raises BP by increasing peripheral resistance
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| Primary HTN | High BP that has no identifiable cause
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| ACE Inhibitors | Reduce BP by lowering levels of aldosterone and angiotensin II
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| Reflex Tachycardia | Condition that occurs when the HR increases due to raid fall in BP created by a drug
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| Adrenergic Blockers | Extension of the fight-or-flight response
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| Diuretics | Act on the kidney are the first line medication for tx of HTN
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| Sulcus | Groove that encircles the heart and separates atria and ventricles
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| Septum | Separates right and left sides of heart
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| Systemic Circulation | Receives O blood and pumps to body
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| Pulmonary Circulation | Pump unO blood to lungs
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| Atrial Kick | additional contribution of blood resulting from atrial contraction
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| 150mL | Full ventricle volume
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| 70-80mL | Ejected with each contraction
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| Ejection Fraction | Percentage of blood pumped out of heart chamber with each contraction
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| 50% | Normal ejection fraction
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| Pericardial Space | Contains serous fluid that acts as lubricant to prevent friction as heart beats
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| Chordea Tendineae | Thick CT strands known as "heart strings" that serve as anchor
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| Coronary Sinus | Largest vein that drains the heart
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| Positive Chronotropic Effect | Increase HR
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| Negative Chronotropic Effect | Decrease HR
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| Cardiac Muscle | Made of smooth and skeletal muscle
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| Sarcolemma | Muscle cells enclosed in; contain mitochondria and myofibrils
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| Myofibrils | Made of sarcomeres
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| Sarcomeres | Basic protein responsible for ctrx
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| T-Tubules | Conduct impulses from sarcolemma surface to sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | Stores Calcium
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