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CARDIAC
PathoPharm II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Afterload | pressure against which heart must pump |
| Angina Pectoris | Cp a/w anaerobic metabolism from decreased O supply to myocardium |
| Automaticity | Ability of a cardiac muscle cell to contract independently, w/o stimulation |
| Cardiac Output | Amount of blood pumped out of LV each minute |
| Cardiac Output | HR x Stroke volume |
| Collateral Circulation | Additional outgrowth of tiny vessels that supply heart muscle w/ oxygenated blood |
| CHF | Inability of heart to pump sufficient blood to maintain adequate oxygen and nutrients to tissues; results in weakness, sob, edema |
| Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) | atherosclerotic plaque deposits lining walls of coronary arteries and narrowing these vessels, causing decreased oxygen to myocardium |
| ECG or EKG | Graphic representation of electrical heart activity |
| Intermittent Claudication | Cramping in lower extremities, especially when walking or with exercise |
| Ischemia | Insufficient blood flow leading to decreased Oxygen supply to tissues causing anaerobic cellular metabolism rather than aerobic metabolism |
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | Mitral valve opens backward toward atrium causing regurgitation of blood from ventricle to atrium |
| Myocardial Infarction (MI) | Death of myocardium tissue caused by lack of Oxygen |
| Myocarditis | Inflammatory disorder of heart muscle that is unrelated to CAD or MI |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation of pericardium and/or pericardial sac surrounding heart |
| Preload | Volume of blood returning to heart, creating "stretch" or tension of myocardial fibers at end diastole |
| Reentry Phenomenon | Blockage of an impulse through a bundle branch, causing impulse to retrograde backwards, reenter other side, and cause a premature contraction |
| Regurgitation | Blood flows backward through a valve that should be closed but cannot close completely because of damage or disease |
| Stenosis | Hardening of heart valves causing blood to not flow through effectively |
| Stroke Volume | Amount of blood ejected from LV with each heartbeat |
| Ventricular Fibrillation | Chaotic; irregular quivering of ventricles which is a lethal dysrhythmia requiring immediate defibrillation |
| p wave | before atrial systole |
| QRS Complex | before ventricular systole |
| T wave | before ventricular diastole |
| Lumen | Channel within these vessel through which blood flows |
| Aterioles | Smallest arteries that deliver blood to capillaries |
| Capillaries | Small network of tiny bvs made of very thin wall that allow for diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, CO2, and waste, slow flow due to small diameter |
| BP | Measurement of force exerted by blood against the wall of a BV |
| Systolic pressure | Highest bp reading |
| Diastolic pressure | Lowest bp reading |
| Stent | Stainless steel tube placed within BV or duct to widen the lumen |
| Bundle Branch Block (BBB) | Electrical impulse blocked from traveling down the bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at different rate than atria |
| Cardiomyopathy | Disease of myocardium; can be caused by OH abuse, parasites, viral infection, and CHF |
| Coronary artery disease | Insufficient blood supply to muscle of heart due to obstruction of arteries; may be caused by atherosclerosis and lead to angina pectoris or MI |
| Endocarditis | Inflammation due to bacteria or abnormal immunological response |
| Flutter | Arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly but in regular pattern |
| Heart valve prolapse | Cusps of heart valve are too loose allowing regurgitation |
| Heart valve stenosis | Cusps of heart valve are too stiff making it difficult for blood to get through |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | Combination of four congenital abnormalities: pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, and hypertrophy of right ventricle |
| Aneurysm | Weakness in the wall of an artery resulting in localized widening of the artery |
| Arteriosclerosis | Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of walls of arteries |
| Atherosclerosis | Caused by formation of cholesterol plaques (most common form of arteriosclerosis) |
| Coarctation of aorta | Severe congenital narrowing of the aorta |
| Hypotension | Decrease in bp; can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches |
| Primary htn | rt to cardiovascular disease |
| Secondary htn | high blood pressure r/t another disease besides cardiovascular |
| Patent ductus arteriosus | Congenital anomaly in which connection btwn pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at brith |
| Raynaud's Phenomenon | Periodic ischemic attacks affecting the extremities of body causing them to be cyanotic and very painful; arterial constriction due to extreme cold or stress |
| ACE Inhibitors | Produce vasodilation and decrease BP |
| ACE Inhibitors | Benazepril, Lotensin; Catopril, Capoten |
| Antiarrhythmic | Reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias |
| Antiarrhythmic | flecainide, Tambocor; ibutilide, Corvert |
| Anticoagulant | Prevent blood clot formation |
| Anticoagulant | warfarin, Coumadin |
| Antilipidemic | Reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in blood |
| Antilipiemic | atorvastatin, Lipitor; simvastatin, Zocor |
| Beta Blockers | Treats htn and angina by lowering HR |
| Beta Blockers | meoprolol, Lopressor; propranolol, Inderal |
| Calcium Channel Blockers | Treats htn, angina, and HF by causing heart to beat less forcefully and less often |
| Calcium Channel Blockers | diltiazem, Cardizem; nifedipine, Procardia |
| Cardiotonic | Increases the force of cardiac muscle contraction, treats HF |
| Cardiotonic | digoxin, Lanoxin |
| Diuretic | Increases urine production by kidneys, which work to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower BP |
| Diuretic | furosemide, Lasix |
| Thrombolytic | Dissolves existing blood clots |
| Thrombolytic | clopidogrel, Plavix; alteplase, Activase |
| Vasoconstrictor | Contracts smooth muscle of BVS thereby raising BP |
| Vasoconstrictor | metaraminol, Aramine |
| Vasodilator | Relaxes smooth muscle of arteries increasing diameter; increases circulation and reduces BP |
| Vasodilator | nitroglycerine, Nitro; isosorbide, Ismo |
| Inotropic effect | A change in contractility of heart |
| Positive Inotropic agent | Increase contractility (epinephrine, NE, thyroid hormone, dopamine) |
| Negative inotropic agents | Decrease contractility (quinidine and beta adrenergic antagonists) |
| Class I HD | Cardiac dx, but no limitations in activity |
| Class II HD | HD w/ slight limitations - DOE, not at rest |
| Class III HD | HD with marked limitation of activity such as ADL |
| Class IV HD | HD, can't do ADL, dyspnea on rest |
| Sinus Arrhythmia | C/B increased vagal tone, digoxin toxicity, or morphine |
| Sinus Tachycardia | Normal response to fever, stress, exercise, hypoxia, anemia, hypovolemia, hyperthyroidism, cardiogenic shock |
| Sinus Bradycardia | C/B increased vagal tone, depressed automaticity, pain, increased intracranial pressure, acidosis, digoxin, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers |
| Sick Sinus Syndrome | C/B injury during surgery, fibrosis, digoxin, beta blockers, ca channel blockers |
| Premature Atrial Contractions | C/B strong emotions, excessive OH, tobacco, caffeine, Digoxin toxicity, hypoK/Mg, alkalosis |
| Atrial Tachycardia or PSVT | C/B sympathetic nervous system stimulation, fever, sepsis,hyperthroidism |
| Atrial Flutter | Sympathetic nervous system stimulation, anxiety, OH intake, caffeine |
| Atrial Fibrillation | C/B Thyrotoxicosis, HTN, hyperthyroidism |
| Junctional Rhythm | C/B digoxin toxicity, quinidine rxn, betablocker/Ca channel blocker overdose, hyperK, increased vagal tone, damage to AV node |
| PVC | C/b anxiety, stress, tobacco OH, caffeine, electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, thrombolytic therapy |
| Ventricular Tachycardia | Anorexia, metabolic disorders, drug toxicity |
| Reentry Phenomenon | Blockage of an impulse through a bundle branch, causing impulse to retrograde backwards, reentering other bundle branch and causing a premature beat |
| Supraventricular | Originate in the atria |
| Sinus Rhythm | generates new action potential ~75x/minute with norml range of 60-100 bpm |
| AV Node | generates action potentials when SA node can't; rate of 40-60 bpm |
| AV Bundle and Purkinje Fibers | generate myocardial contractions when SA and AV nodes can't, rate of ~30 bpm |
| angiotensin II | Most potent natural vasoconstrictor; stimulates aldosterone |
| aldosterone | Causes body to retain water increasing blood volume and BP |
| reflex tachycardia | Compensatory response to sudden BP decrease; forces heart to work harder and increases BP |
| Angiotensin II | Raises BP by increasing peripheral resistance |
| Primary HTN | High BP that has no identifiable cause |
| ACE Inhibitors | Reduce BP by lowering levels of aldosterone and angiotensin II |
| Reflex Tachycardia | Condition that occurs when the HR increases due to raid fall in BP created by a drug |
| Adrenergic Blockers | Extension of the fight-or-flight response |
| Diuretics | Act on the kidney are the first line medication for tx of HTN |
| Sulcus | Groove that encircles the heart and separates atria and ventricles |
| Septum | Separates right and left sides of heart |
| Systemic Circulation | Receives O blood and pumps to body |
| Pulmonary Circulation | Pump unO blood to lungs |
| Atrial Kick | additional contribution of blood resulting from atrial contraction |
| 150mL | Full ventricle volume |
| 70-80mL | Ejected with each contraction |
| Ejection Fraction | Percentage of blood pumped out of heart chamber with each contraction |
| 50% | Normal ejection fraction |
| Pericardial Space | Contains serous fluid that acts as lubricant to prevent friction as heart beats |
| Chordea Tendineae | Thick CT strands known as "heart strings" that serve as anchor |
| Coronary Sinus | Largest vein that drains the heart |
| Positive Chronotropic Effect | Increase HR |
| Negative Chronotropic Effect | Decrease HR |
| Cardiac Muscle | Made of smooth and skeletal muscle |
| Sarcolemma | Muscle cells enclosed in; contain mitochondria and myofibrils |
| Myofibrils | Made of sarcomeres |
| Sarcomeres | Basic protein responsible for ctrx |
| T-Tubules | Conduct impulses from sarcolemma surface to sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | Stores Calcium |
Created by:
TedMed
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