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VUSN HEHI Study Guide

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show Impulsivity Hopelessness Substance abuse History of abuse during childhood Head injury, chronic illness Monday Late spring/early summer Acute- anxiety, insomnia, substance abuse  
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show Primary- Preventing individuals from every considering suicide by improving social supports Secondary- recognizes and treats immediate suicide risk Tertiary- care provided to at risk individuals who display suicidal tendencies/behaviors  
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show Psychosocial- therapeutic relationship, reaffirm hope Resources- use the client's personal protective resources (history, social supports, PCP, effective coping skills) Pharmacological- SSRI's, ECT...  
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A client would be deemed inappropriate for outpatient treatment for suicidal ideation if... -Intact support system -Unable to control impulses -Uses alcohol -Has history of seeking help -Suicide attempt -Lives alone -Low levels of stress   show
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Suicide: It's about the (_______) not the (_____)!   show
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show 1) Mental illness 2) ETOH/drug use 3) Being overwhelmed 4) Control  
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One neurobiological theory of the etiology of suicide finds that this neurotransmitter tends to be lower in individuals who have attempted or completed suicide than in those who have not.   show
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When assessing a client, what direct signs and symptoms should indicate that your client may be a suicide risk?   show
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show Sudden behavioral changes Unexplained physical changes (weight loss, pain, sleep disturbances) Emotional alterations (ambivalence, irritability) An extreme loss has occurred  
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show Sex (male) Age (<19 or >45) Depression Previous attempts ETOH/Drugs Rational thinking loss Social support lack Organized plan/serious attempt No spouse Sickness 0-5 D/C w/ follow up 6-8 Psychiatric consultation 8+ Hospitalization  
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When assessing the potential lethality of a suicide plan, what would be considered "hard"? Soft? Why?   show
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Hospitalized patients may require certain suicide precautions. Explain 1:1, safety observation, and seclusion/restraint and when each is appropriate.   show
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T/F- You cannot discharge someone on suicide precautions.   show
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show Typical: Anxiety that aids in the work of living Mild-Moderate: Psycho-physiologic factors affecting medical conditions Moderate-Severe: Anxiety, personality, eating, dissociative disorders. Psychosis: Depressive Bipolar Schizophrenic Cog. disorders  
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show Preventative treatment- Attending AA groups for addiction, learning new coping skills Maintenance intervention- Receiving ECT or taking your meds regularly  
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show Provides diagnostic characteristics and categories used in the classification of mental disorders. Significant interference in person's life, doesn't meet other criteria, time criteria, not due to substance abuse or other medical condtition  
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Discuss legal guidelines for safe practice as they relate to treatment and hospitalization of the mentally ill person.   show
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show False- 1/3 American adults will meet the diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder in their lifetime.  
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You are more likely to develop this mental illness in your life-time if a family member also suffered from this. -Bipolar -Schizophrenia -Panic -Generalized Anxiety -Depression   show
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show Identify the illness correctly Decrease the time of active illness Halt the progression or severity Decrease the likelihood of relapse (tertiary treatment)  
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What are the classification differences between DSM 4 and 5?   show
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Describe the difference between Voluntary, Involuntary, Observational and Indeterminate inpatient admissions.   show
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T/F- Most psychiatric inpatients do not receive therapy.   show
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Describe Short-term focused therapy, Interpersonal therapy, Supportive therapy, Behavioral therpy, and Cognitive therapy.   show
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What is the difference between a Milieu group and a Self-help group?   show
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show Attends to stimuli  
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What is the primary function of the Temporal lobe?   show
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What is the primary function of the Frontal lobe?   show
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If your frontal lobe is not functioning properly, you can expect... If the frontal lobe is working slowly you can expect...   show
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show regulate and mediate motor activity, help express and regulate emotions and cognition Use dopamine to control motor activity (if block too much dopamine with schizophrenia treatment, can lead to motor movement complications like Parkinson's.)  
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Where are the highest concentrations of dopamine found?   show
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What is the Limbic system? What are it's part?   show
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What is dopamine? What does it do? You can expect increased levels in this mental illness and decreased levels in these.   show
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What is norepinephrine (NE)? What does it do? You can expect decreased levels to contribute to _____ and increased or overactivity to contribute to _________.   show
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show A neurotransmitter that, similar to norepinephrine, is a general modulator with multiple roles. Can be excitatory OR inhibitory. Underactivity- depression Overactivity- anxiety May play a role in psychosis.  
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show A neurotransmitter excitatory or inhibitory. effects MEMORY, muscle coordination, some mood regulation, and has many effects in the peripheral nervous system (blocked, anticholinergic effect) Underactive- Alzheimers, Parkinsons Overactive- depression  
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What is GABA? What does it do? You can expect decreased GABA activity to lead to ______.   show
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show An EXCITATORY amino acid that affects learning and memory and helps relay sensory information. Decreased is associated with schizophrenia. Increased is associated with improvement in dementia  
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show Part of the stress response, secreted by Hypothalamus leading to pituitary release of corticotropin which stimulates adrenal glands lead to release of cortisol. Too much?- Depression and anxiety  
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If a patient is taking Beta Blockers or Antihypertensives, it is important to know that they may exhibit _______- symptoms.   show
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show Similar to seizures, dysregulated neurotransmitter systems lead to more frequent and more intense episodes of illness (schizophrenia) with less required stimulation because the affected cells recruit surrounding cells.  
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Why is chronic, uncontrolled stress such a problem for neurotransmitters?   show
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There is a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. Describe it and how stress can contribute.   show
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Describe the relationship between schizophrenia, dopamine, and frontal lobe activity.   show
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Describe how associated neurotransmitters are affected in schizophrenia.   show
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show Small frontal lobe (hypofrontality) with enlarged ventricles on MRI, Temporal lobe is overactive causing abnormal movements and information processing, Memory is impacted  
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Describe the (+) symptoms of schizophrenia.   show
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What is a hallucination? Most common type?   show
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What are delusions? Types?   show
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show 5 A's Affective flattening Alogia- impoverished thinking Anhedonia- inability to experience pleasure Attentional impairment Avolition- lack of energy  
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What are some common cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?   show
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There are 4 symptom groups or domains of Schizophrenia which may need to be targeted. Name them   show
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show Restricted/constricted Blunt- sever restriction Flat Inappropriate Labile- extremes Aggressive  
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What is schizophrenia?   show
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show 50% attempt suicide with 10-15% success Highest risk for males <30, college education, unemployed, recently hospitalized and history of depressive episode  
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show True b/c women develop around 25 whereas men develop around 15. Women have more time to develop better coping skills> better outcomes  
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show False- likely but because they are trying to have a social group  
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show Prodromal- before active phase (up to 1 year) with gradual development of symptoms/loss of social skills Acute- Full blown schizophrenic episode Residual- lingering affective flattening (negative symptoms more common), may be interrupted with active  
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show 2 or more within one month -Delusions* -Hallucinations* -Disorganized speech* -Grossly disorganized/catatonic behavior -Negative symptoms (5A's) -Dysfunction in major life areas (must include one of first 3) Duration >6mos cont. signs >1mo sympt.  
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show (Paranoid Catatonic Disorganized Undifferentiated Residual) Symptom severity level, #symptoms, Duration symptoms, Course of illness  
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show 2+ Characteristic symptoms present Episode (including prodromal, active, and residual) lasts at least 1 month but less than 6 months  
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show Meets criteria for schizophrenia and depression/bipolar at same time. Major mood episode present for majority of duration, 2+ weeks of delusions/hallucinations w/o mood symptoms Mood symptoms present for most of active/residual periods of illness.  
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What is a delusional disorder? When does is occur? What are the 5 subtypes?   show
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When treating a patient with Schizophrenia, it is important to...   show
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show Extrapyramidal side effects (^motor activity) Anticholinergic side effects (see, pee, spit, poop) Cardiovascular effects Potential toxicity Weight gain  
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show Oocyte ovulated-> fertilization by sperm-> Zygote formation-> Morula -> Blastocyst (implants in the uterus) -> Embryo (first 8 weeks)-> Fetus  
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Describe development, structure, and functions of the placenta.   show
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Describe amniotic fluid and its corresponding functions. What is it called if you have too little? Too much?   show
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Describe the development of the fetus and embryo.   show
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T/F- The Umbilical Cord has pain receptors which is why babies go into distress if it becomes knotted.   show
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show Early conception, weeks 0-3  
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show Weeks 3-8  
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An embryo is most likely to have functional disturbances during this time.   show
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show End of 4 weeks (One month)  
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At this time, the baby is 1-1/8 inch long, has a functioning heart, eyes,nose, lips, tongue, ears and teeth are forming, penis is developing and baby is starting to move (but you can't feel it yet).   show
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show End of 12 weeks (Three months)  
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show End of 16 weeks (Four months)  
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show End of 20 weeks (Five months)  
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At this time, the baby is 11-14 inches long, weighs 1.75-2 lbs. Eyelids part and eyes open sometimes. Skin covered in vernix (petroleum jelly substance). Baby can hiccup/   show
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At this time, the baby is 14-16 inches long, weighs 2.5-3.25 lbs. Taste buds there, fat layers forming, organs maturing, skin wrinkled and red. Premature. Size of butternut squash.   show
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At this time, the baby is 16.5-18 inches long, weighs 4-6 lbs. Growth is RAPID. Brain grows. Most organs developed EXCEPT lungs, kidneys good. Kicks are visible! Skin less wrinkled. Fingernails beyond fingertips. Cabbage size.   show
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show End of 36 weeks (Nine months) 37 weeks is full term.  
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When does the respiratory system develop?   show
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When does the cardiovascular system develop? What is an appropriate Fetal Heart Rate?   show
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Explain the umbilical cord and it's function/   show
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What are the fetal circulatory adaptations? Describe each.   show
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show 4-6 weeks starts, fully after birth  
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When are the bones and muscles developing? When does the fetus start to have arm/leg movements? What is a fontanel?   show
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When does the GI system form? What is an Omphalocele? Meconium?   show
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When do the kidneys form? Function?   show
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show Forms during 3rd week Respiratory 18.5 weeks Swallowing 12.5 weeks Sucking 29 weeks Quickening- 16-20 weeks  
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show 20 weeks  
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show Time since last menstrual period. Ability to survive outside of uterus at the earliest gestational age 22-24 weeks depending on maturity of CNS and lungs  
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What does EDC< EDD< and EDB mean?   show
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When should a baby be born?   show
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Why does a fertilized ovum stay in the Fallopian tube for 3 days?   show
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T/F- Two arteries carry oxygenated blood and nutrients while one vein carries deoxygenated blood and waste products.   show
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What is the purpose of the placenta?   show
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show  
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Discuss nursing responses to common discomforts of pregnancy.   show
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When can a pregnancy test tell if pregnant? how dies it work?   show
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What is included in Presumptive evidence of pregnancy?   show
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What are probable signs of pregnancy?   show
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show 5-6 weeks vaginal ultrasound 6 weeks Fetal Heart Tones by ultrasound 16 weeks, ultrasound 17-19 weeks, Fetal heart sounds by fetoscope 19-22 weeks, fetal movements  
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show Obtain fetal heart tones to ensure pregnancy is real  
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What is GPTPAL?   show
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What is the GTPAL of Amelia. She has one spontaneous abortion, one elective abortion, one C-section, twins at 29 weeks, still birth at 36 weeks and is currently pregnant.   show
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show Used to tell you the due date. First day of last menstrual period, subtract 3 calendar months, add 7 days.  
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show Decrease production of prostaglandin which causes smooth muscle to relax and prevent uterine constriction. Also relaxes vessel walls (potential for hypotension) Affect uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva  
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A pregnant woman presents to your office complaining of "nipple lumps". These may be... and you tell her...   show
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During pregnancy, the cardiovascular alterations mean that there is ___ flow and ___ resistance and it is hyperdynamic. What happens to BP during pregnancy?   show
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show Single- 1200-1500 mL Twins- 2000 mL 4-6= 11% increase 32= 40-45% increase 2 weeks post=33% decrease  
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show Your RBCs increase by 20-30% while your plasma increase by 40-45% which dilutes the Hematocrit and leads to decreased blood viscosity. Totally normal. Hematocrit of normal pregnant woman is 34.7 (as opposed to 38.2 nonpregnant)  
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show Not to worry, it is normal for a HR to increase by 10-15 bpm during pregnancy. Stroke volume also increases 25% by 20-24 weeks and 50% by term  
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Normal non-pregnant CO is about 5 liters per minute. What is a normal pregnant CO? In what position should a woman sleep to ensure optimal cardiac output? When does a woman have low CO   show
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show Kidneys have 30% increase Uterus has 50mL/min at 10 weeks and 500 mL/min at term Skin gets extra CO  
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show False- pregnant women actually have an increase in clotting factors and are hypercoagulable with puts them at risk for DVT This is great for delivery to prevent woman from bleeding to death. Note: Assess for DVT and add heparin to saline locks  
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show -Diaphragm is pushed up -Ribs do flare -APL ratio INCREASES -RR may increase slightly -Tidal volume does increase -Lung capacity is UNCHANGED or slightly DECREASED  
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show BMR increases 10-20% by 3rd trimester due to increased O2 demands and consumption Pregnant women are heat intolerant, have peripheral vasodilation, sweat more, are tired easily and need more sleep  
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T/F- Slight respiratory alkalosis is typical for pregnant women.   show
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show False- levels should decrease due to increased perfusion and GFR  
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Why are pregnant women more susceptible to UTI?   show
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T/F- Glucose in the urine during pregnancy always indicates diabetes.   show
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A pregnant woman presents with blotchy, brownish hyperpigmentation of tthe skin over her cheeks nose and forehead. you recognise this as...   show
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show Pigmented line that extends from the fundus to the symphysis pubis. Totally normal Stretch marks, common in 50-80% of pregnant women  
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show This is common in 50-90% of women, caused by estrogen, HCG and relaxation of smooth gastric muscle. Usually resolves by 12-16 weeks but peaks around 8-12 weeks  
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show True b/c decreased gastric emptying allows for increased absorption of water from intestines  
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T/F- The liver maintains its normal size, histology, blood flow and function in pregnancy but has some mechanical displaement   show
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show 1st trimester  
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In what trimester should you screen for fetal phenotype abnormalities and monitor maternal/fetal health. This is also when you do gender screening and anatomy ultrasound   show
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In what trimester should you monitor for pregnancy-induced hypertension as well as monitor fetal health? You will also do diabetes testing, GBS testing, repeat HIV and STI and give RhoGam if needed.   show
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The first prenatal visit is very important. What type of medical history, maternal exam and testing can you expect? What education should you provide?   show
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show No live vaccines Get TDaP every pregnancy and the Flu vaccine  
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This is the most common and fastest spreading STI. It is often silent and highly destructive. Who should be screened? What is the preferred diagnostic method? How do you treat it?   show
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show Gonorrhea (aerobic gram - diplococcus) Screen all women @ risk, test during first trimester and at 36 weeks Culture of cervix Treat with Ceftriaxone Note: Concomitant treat w/ Chlamydia  
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T/F- You should treat a pregnant woman with Gonorrhea with Ceftriaxone as well as Amoxicillin b/c you should also treat for chlamydia b/c they travel together.   show
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show Syphilis  
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show True  
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Who should be screened for Syphilis? How do you test? How accurate are test? How do you treat?   show
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show True False- cannot breastfeed  
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Herpes simplex virus 1 is transmitted __________ while Herpes simplex virus 2 is transmitted ______. Many with herpes are asymptomatic. what are some symptoms? Treatment?   show
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T/F- The CDC recommends that all sexually active individuals be tested for Herpes simplex virus.   show
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T/F- A mother known to have Herpes Simplex Virus 2 can have a vaginal birth, even if they have lesions, as long as they have taken acyclovir.   show
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What are TORCH infections?   show
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What should a pregnant mom expect during a normal prenatal visit?   show
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show GBS is part of normal vaginal flora in 20-30% women but can cause neonatal MM from respiratory issues, sepsis, or death. Screen at 35-37 weeks Give IV penicillin to prevent spread of GBS to newborn  
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Who recieves RhoGam? When?   show
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What are symptoms of pre-term labor?   show
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show False, non invasive tests are not definitive, only invasive tests like amniocentesis or Chorionic Villii Sampling are  
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show Underweight- 28-40 lbs Normal weight- 25-35 lbs Overweight- 15-25 lbs Obese- 11-20 lbs  
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show Non-lactating- 0.5-0.9 kg/week Lactating women- 1 kg/month  
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show Hypertension (affects 10%) 2nd leading cause of maternal mortality in US 15% die from HTN  
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What puts you at risk for HTN during pregnancy?   show
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show Chronic HTN (begins prior to 20 weeks, doesn't resolve w/in 12 weeks post BP>140/90) Gestational HTN (BP>140/90 after 20 weeks, W/O proteinuria) Preeclampsia/eclampsia CHTN w/ preeclampsia  
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show Begins after 20 weeks gestation, BP >140/90 twice, 4 hours apart AND Proteinuria (>300 mg/24hr urine colletion) OR Thrombocytopenia, Renal insufficiency, Impaired liver function, pulmonary edema, Cerebral/visual symptoms  
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show BP >140/90 Proteinuria >300mg in 24 hr urine or >1+ in urine dipstick Edema  
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show SBP >160 DBP>110 Thrombocytopenia Renal insufficiency Impaired liver function Pulmonary edema or Cerebral disturbance  
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show Meets criteria for preeclampsia (BP>140/90, Proteinuria(>300) or Edema, Thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency, Impaired liver function, Cerebral/visual symptoms ++++ Grand mal seizure activity Leads to increased maternal mortality  
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show Had HTN before 20 weeks gestation +++ New onset of Proteinuria Sudden increase in well controlled BP Any severe features of preeclampsia  
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What is the cure for preeclampsia?   show
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show Vasospasm leads to decreased blood flow and tissue/cellular hypoxia Leads to endothelial damage (leaky vessels>edema and hypovolemia >decreased CO) Leads to platelet aggregation/clot formation (microvascular obstruction and further cellular hypoxia)  
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You suspect a pregnant patient with hypertension has pulmonary edema. You want to know...   show
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show Decreased urine output (<30mL/hour) > decreased GFR > decreased clearance of uric acid Severe vasospasm can damage endothelium leading to oliguria of pfogdinufiz  
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show Check for liver functioning, assume hepatic ischemia R/T preeclampsia May also indicate HELLP syndrome  
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show High resistance and low blood flow leads to restricted gas exchange which can lead to intrauterine growth restriction Also Oligohydramnos, Pre-Term labor, Placental abruption, Infarction or intrauterine fetal demise  
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show Severe form of preeclampsia, diagnosed by lab values, hard to detect and increases maternal death. SS Tired, NV, RUQ pain, visual changes, Proteinuria, increased BP? Bruising under BP cuff? Hemolysis Elevated Liver enzymes Low platelets  
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T/F- after delivery, the risk for eclampsia disappears?   show
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What does Magnesium Sulfate have to do with Preeclampsia? What are indicators of Mag Sulfate toxicity? How do you treat?   show
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What are the common medications for preeclamptic mothers in acute hypertensive crisis?   show
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show <37 weeks- bedrest, assessments 37-40 weeks- close assessments, risks vs. benefits, MgSO4 and delivery 40+ weeks- MgSO4 and delivery  
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Describe the delivery timing and management for a mother with Preeclampsia WITH severe features.   show
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Which DTR is most indicative for preeclampsia which may lead to eclampsia?   show
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When do you need to notify the physician about a patient with preeclampsia? -SBP>160, DBP >110 -UOP<30 mL/hr -Worsening Headache, RUQ pain, visual changes, edema, changed LOC -Quick clotting -Improving lab values -RR<12, loss of DTR's   show
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White lists two classifications of diabetes in pregnancy, A1 and A2. Describe each.   show
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T/F_ Insulin and glucose cross the placenta to maintain blood sugar in the fetus.   show
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show Decrease during first trimester (mom isn't eating as much, baby is taking more of the glucose, hormones are working) Increase during second and 3rd trimester  
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Congenital malformations are a major concern in babies born to mothers with pregestational diabetes. What are the major ones?   show
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show Complicates 3-9% of all pregnancies Obese women who develop GDM are at increased risk to birth infant with CNS defect  
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Who gets screened for Gestational DM? When?   show
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How do you screen for Gestational DM?   show
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show True- baby may have low blood sugar after born because excess blood glucose is removed. Usually not major problem b/c baby is fed within 6 hours  
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show 10 fetal movements ever 2 hours  
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show Insulin requirements decrease dramatically Risk for infection and hemorrhage increases due to uterine distention due to baby size/extra amniotic fluid  
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How likely is it for a woman who had GDM to develop Type 2 diabetes?   show
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show Fasting- 60-99 1 hour post meal- 100-129 2 hours postmeal- <120  
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