BIO121-ch2
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| religion | expression of human belief in, and reverence of, a superhuman power, which may be recognized as a creator and governor of the universe, a supernatural realm, or an ultimate meaning
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| pantheism | belief that multiple gods were responsible for the various forces and workings of nature
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| monoteism | belief in a single God who created the universe but is separate from and outside of His creation
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| anthropocentric worldview | way of perceiving reality that places humans in a preeminent position that is both above, and separate from, the rest of nature
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| biocentric worldview | way of perceiving reality that recognizes an inherent worth in all life and maintains that humans are no more or less valuable than all other parts of creation
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| stewardship worldview | way of perceiving reality that maintains humans have a responsibility to care for earth
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| ethics | branch of philosophy concerned with standards of conduct and with distinguishing between right and wrong behavior
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| morals | principles that help to distinguish between good and evil
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| frontier ethic | code of conduct based on premises: resources are essentially unlimited, exploration or human inventiveness will discover new resources to replace those resources that are deplete, tech will solve prob arising from human exploitation of the environment
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| environmental ethics | caring about the planet and all of its inhabitants, allowing unselfishness to control the immediate self-interest that harms others, and living each day so as to leave the lightest possible footprints on the plants
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| land ethic | biocentric code of conduct based on the premise that nonhuman nature has intrinsic value
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| stewardship ethic | anthropocentric; it is a code of conduct based on premise that humans are to act as stewards of nature, with the responsibility of caring for and nurturing out planet
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| economics | discipline concerned with he production, distribution, and consumption of wealth and with the various related problems of labor, finance, and taxation
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| natural capital | natural resources
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| human capital | skill and labor
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| economic goods | manufactured capital
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| manufactured capital | clothes and appliances, for example
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| throughput | natural capital used to produce economic goods because these resource are taken from the environment, used by humans to produce goods, and eventually returned to the environment
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| economy | system of production, distribution, and consumption of economic goods or services
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| traditional economy | ppl grow their own food and make the goods that they need to survive
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| pure command economy | government makes all economic decisions, such as what goods to make and how to distribute goods/service among the population
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| pure market economy | - pure capitalism, economic decisions are made by buyers and seller in the marketplace and are based not he interactions of demand, supply, and price
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| mixed economic system | one that combines elements of all 3 major economic systems
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| economic growth | an increased capacity of the economy to produce goods and services
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| gross national product (GNP) | total national output of all goods and services valued at market prices in current dollars for a given year
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| real GNP | the GNP adjusted for any rise in the average price of final good and services
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| real GNP per capita | real GNP divided by the total population
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| ecosystem services | functions or processes of a natural ecosystems and its biota that provide benefits to humans
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| net national product (NNP) | based on GNP but factors in the depletion or destruction of natural resources
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| human development index | proposed by UN Development Programme, uses 3 indicators: life expectancy at birth, literacy rates, and real GNP per capita to estimate the average quality of life in a country
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| index of sustainable economic welfare (ISEW) | adjusts the per capita GNP according to inequalities in income distribution, resource depletion, loss of wetlands, loss of farmland, and the cost of air and water pollution
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| - internal costs | direct costs
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| external costs | harmful social or environmental effects of the production and consumption of an economic good that are not included in the market price of the good
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| - cost-benefit analysis | technique used to compare the estimated costs (losses) of a proposed project with the benefits to be gained
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| culture of consumption | disposable products proliferate, products quickly become outdated and are replaced by newer models, and fashion dictates that we change clothing and home styles frequently
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| ecological economics | transdsiciplinary field of study that addresses the relationships between ecosystems and economic systems in the broadest sense
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| sustainability | relationship between dynamic human economic systems and larger dynamic, but normally slower-changing, ecological systems, in which human life can continue indefinitely, human individual can flourish, and human cultures can develop
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| steady-sate economy (SSE) | characterized by constant level of human population and a constant level of artifacts, known as stock
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| sustainable development | improving quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems
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| - sustainable resource use | use of renewable resources at rates that do not exceed their capacity for renewal
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| green taxes | fees assessed to discourage the use of environmentally harmful practices or products or to extend the life of nonrenewable resources
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| government | established system of administration through which a nation, state, or district is ruled
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| politics | encompasses principles, policies, and programs of government; arena in which citizens debate those issues that affect their individual and collective health and welfare
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| environmental law | organized way of using all of the laws in a nation’s legal system to minimize, prevent, punish, or remedy the consequences of action that damage or threaten the environment
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| common law | body of written and unwritten rules based on precedent
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| precedent | legal decision or case that may serve as an example, reason, or justification for a later decision
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| nuisance | class of wrongs that arise from the unreasonable, unwarrantable, or unlawful use of a person’s own property that produces annoyance, inconvenience, or material injury to another
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| trespass | unwarranted or uninvited entry upon another’s property by a person, the person’s agent, or an object that he or she cause to be deposited there
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| negligence | failure to exercise the care that a “prudent person” usually takes, resulting in an action or inaction that causes personal or property damage
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| statutory law | body of facts passed by a local legislature or Congress
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| education | study of the processes through which students learn, developing knowledge, skills, and expertise in diverse subjects
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| environmental education | concerned with he process of learning about he biosphere, its associated problems, and the human role in causing and solving those problems
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