ECOLOGY
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| What is G.R.I.M.N.E.R | GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, IRRITABILY, MOVEMENT, NUTRITION, EXCRETION & RESPIRATION
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| WHAT IS GROWTH? | Growth is an increase in size max and complexity
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| WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF GROWTH IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS ? | Continous growth which occours gradually without any breaks (eg-humans and mammals) and Discontinous growth which grows in spurts or short bursts usually through moulting
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| WHAT IS REPRODUCTION | to produce offspring
a sexual reproduction produces clones or identical copies
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| WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF REPRODUCTION? | Sexual reproduction which involves male & female gametes (sperm+ egg) AND
asexual reproduction where there is only 1 gamete involved in sexual reproduction (
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| WHAT IS IRRITABILY/ IRRITATION | the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment
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| WHAT IS MOVEMENT? | ALL ORGANISMS MOVE
EVEN PLANTS MOVE BY GROWING. it is the change in position of a whole organism or parts of an organism
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| WHAT IS NUTRITION | THE PROCESS OF TAKING IN FOOD. all organisms need food because it is a source of energy. animals get food from plants and other animals while plants are autotrophic and make their own food in photosynthesis
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| HOW DO PLANTS MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD? | PHOTOSYHTHESIS
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| WHAT IS EXCRETION | THE REMOVAL OF METABOLIC WASTE THROUGH THE 4 EXCRETORY ORGANS
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| WHAT ARE THE 4 EXCRETORY ORGANS? (K.L.L.S) | KIDNEYS, LIVER, LUNGS & SKIN
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| WHAT IS THE DIVERNCE BETWEEN EGESTION AND EXCRETION | egestion is the removal of INDIGESTED FOOD through the gut as faeces while excretion is the removal of METABOLIC WASTE
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| WHAT IS RESPIRATION? | the metabolic process that produce energy in the body
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| what are the 2 types of respiration | AEROBIC RESPIRATION which is the respiration in the presence of oxygen AND ANARABIC RESPIRATION which is respiration in the absence of oxygen
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| WHAT ARE VIRUSES | viruses cannot be neatly classified
they are said to be neither living nor dead
on their own they dont exhibit any of the characters of g.r.i.m.n.e.r
only when they invade body cells do they replicate
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| what is the difference between respiration and breathing | breathing is the physical process of inhaling and exhaling which occours in the lungs and respiration is the metabolic process that produce energy and occours in the cells
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| what are the 5 kingdom classified as ? | protocists, fungi, plants, animals & prokaryotes
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| what are prokaryotes? | they are single celled bacteria with no nucleus and can be found in every part of the world
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| what is ecology? | the study of organisms in their environment
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| what is abiotic factors? | physical non-living factors
eg- light, temperature, rainfall, wind, water avilability & soil type
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| what are biotic factors | the factors that result from the e interactions of the organisms with each other and their environment
eg- predation, symbiosis, competition & disease
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| what is a ecosystem? | A community of plants and animals which interact with each other and their non living environment
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| what is a habitat? | the place where an organism lives
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| what is population? | a group of organisms of the same species living together in a habitat
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| what is species? | a group of organisms of common ancestory that resemble each other and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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| what is a community ? | Different populations of organisms livong in habitat interacting together
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| what is niche? | the function of the organism in the environment
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| explain energy loses in a organism | an organism loses energy once its alive
it must continually replace this lost energy
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| where does all energy orginally come from ? | the sun
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| how do plants produce energy? | they use sunlight and organic components of the soil to produce energy
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| how is energy lost | in heat, in respiration, in excretion
etc
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| Living organisms can be placed into 2 groups either | Antotrophs or heterotrophs
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| antotrophs | Producers
self- feeding organisms
eg-plants in terrestrial food chains and green algae in aquatic ecosystem
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| heterotrophs | organisms that do NOT make their own food
eg- consumers
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| The types of heterotrophs | Hebivores,carnivores , omnivores and decomposers
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| what are the first 3 trophic levels? | producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer & tertiary consumer
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| which are more accurate food chains or food webs and why? | food webs because most animals have more than one food source and are prayed upon by more than one animal therefore showing the interconnections that food chains cannot
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| what are decomposers? | bacteria and fungi that feed on dead and decaying matter.
they break down organic matter and return nutrients to the soil for plants to use
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| what do food chains do ? | food chains show the energy flow in the ecosystem
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| what are carnivores | an organism that feeds on other organisms
they hunt and kill other animals for food
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| what are herbivores | a plant eating organism
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| what are omnivores ? | an organism that feeds on BOTH animals & plants
eg- pigs & humans
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| What is symbiosis? | A close relationship between 2 organisms
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| what are 3 different types of symbiosis | parasitism, commensalism & mutalism
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| what is parasitism | a type of symbiosis involving 2 kind of species, the parasite and the host
It is where one partner and the other is harmed
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| what is commensalism ? | Where one parther benefits and the other is neither benefited or harmed
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| what is mutalism? | Mutalism is a relationship between 2 species in which both benefits
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| What are pyramids of energy? | An ecological pyramid which shows the decrease in energy along the food chain
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| what are pyramid of numbers? | an ecological pyramid which shows the number of organisms in each trophic level in a food chain
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| what are pyramids of biomass? | an ecological pyramid which shows the decrease in the total biomass at each tropic level of a food chain
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| what are the parts of the animal cell? (M.C.C G.R.V.N) | mitochondria, cell serface membrane ,cytoplasm, glycogen granules, vacuoles and nycleus
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| What is the function of the mitochondria | Produces energy
Is the powerhouse of the cell
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| What is the function of Cytoplasm | surrounds all cell organelle
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| What is the function of the cell surface membrane | controls substances entering and leaving the cell
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| What is the function of glycogen granules ? | Energy is started as glycogen in animal cells
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| What is the function of ribosomes | makes proteins
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| What is the function of vacuoles? | Small vacuoles in animal cells
Contains waste nutrients or enzymes
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| which group is the most ancient of organisms | prokaryotes
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| examples of prokaryotes | bacteria
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| protocists | unicellular, has a true nucleus and no cell wall
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| examples of protocists | algae and protozoa
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| algae | lives in both marine and fresh water and some live on the surface where it is damp and make their own food in photosynthesis
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| protozoa | feed on other organisms and found in all environments, especially water
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| examples of fungi | moulds, yeasts and mushrooms
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| how do fungi obtain food | from the environment.they do not take large particles of food that need to be broken down. they digest their food outside using enzymes which makes it soluble then they absorb the food so they are usually found living in or on their food which can be a d
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| importance of fungi to man | used to make a range of chemical products,causes spoilage of food, used in alcoholic beverages
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| plants | usually stationary, cells have cell walls and contain chlorophyll, makes their food in photosynthesis
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| examples of plants | mosses, liverwoods, ferns, conifers and flowering plants
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| flowering plants and the 2 types | has true flowers and make seeds. they are called angiosperms and are dived into 2 groups either the monocotyledons and dicotyledons
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| the largest group of plants | angiosperms. they include most crops,ornamental plants and used as herbs or medicinal plants
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| a plant that can be used as medicine | bidens used to cool the blood in prickly heat and relieve a sick stomach
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| features of monocotyledons | has 1 cotyledon or seed leaf and their leaf has parallel veins
example is corn
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| features of dicotyledons | Has 2 cotyledon or seed leaves and their leaves has net-like or branching veins. an examples is hibiscus
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| viruses | do not fit into any classification, is the smallest organism and it is difficult to think of them as living beause they only live inside another living cell
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| examples of viruses | small pox, measels and aids
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| ditchotomous key | a chart which clarifies objects by dividing them into 2 smaller groups at each stage, we use a dichotomous key to help us decide which group to put an organism in
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| the binomial system | a system for naming each species of organisms with a biological name
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| how many vertebrates are there in your body | 33
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| the 2 ways to classify organisms are | artificial and natural
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| artificial classification | grouping based on easily observed characteristics such as body shape, number of legs etc and is a easy method of grouping animals
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| natural classification | based on natural relationships between organisms using both internal and external characteristics(more accurate form of classification)
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| CLASSIFICATION for plants (king david comes over for good soup) | kingdom,division, class,order,family, genus and species
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| classification for ANIMALS | KINGDOM, PHYLE, CLASS, ORDER,FAMILY,GENUS & SPECIES
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| ANIMALIA | cnidaria, plathyhelmintles, mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, nomatoda and chordata
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| Species |
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| Speciation | The process by which species are formed. This occurs by geographical isolation
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| Geographical isolation | When groups of a population become isolated in some way
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| Breeds | In animals these species are called breeds
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| Varieties | In plants
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| Races | In humans
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| Microhabitat | A very small habitat
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| The difference between population and community | Community is all population of species in the ecosystem while population is the amount of one specific organism in a place found in an ecosystem
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| Distribution of species | How an organism adapts to living in an environment
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| Effects of distribution | Water,light , temperature and heavy metals
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| Saprophyte | The name given to any organism that feeds on dead organic material.
Eg-decomposers and detritivores
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| Predation | The continued feeding of one animal species to another
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| Predators | Carnivores that feed on other animals
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| Benefits of predators | The keep population in check by preventing dramatic surges in numbers and they also help The prey population by killing and eating mainly the weaker members meaning only the healthier bitter prey survive
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| Prey | Animals that are fed on by predators
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