schizophrenia
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| Schizophrenia | at least one month of acute symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought and speech, disorganized behavior, and negative sx and at least 6 months of some sx of disorder
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| Schizophreniform disorder | same sx as schizophrenia, lasting more than 1 month but less than 6 months
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| Schizoaffective disorder | sx of schizophrenia coinciding with sx of depression or mania, but at least a 2-week period when only sx of schizophrenia present
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| Delusional disorder | evidence only of nonbizarre delusions for at least 1 month; functioning at relatively high level
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| Brief psychotic disorder | presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized seech or behavior for at least one day but less than one month
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| Shared psychotic disorder | the individual in a close relationship with someone who is delusional with similar delusions
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| Folie a deux | aka shared psychotic disorder
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| Substance-induced psychotic disorder | hallucinations or delusions caused by the direct physiological effects of a substance
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| Torrey’s *SAFE* attitude | the key for families coping with schizophrenia. /S/ense of humor; /A/ cceptance of illness, /F/amily balance, /E/xpectations that are realistic
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| Positive symptoms aka type 1 sx | unusual perceptions, thoughts, or behaviors
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| Negative symptoms aka type 2 sx | losses/deficits in certain domains, absence of usual emotions and behaviors
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| Examples of positive sx | delustions, hallucinations, disorganized thought and speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior
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| Delusions | beliefs with little grounding in reality
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| Hallucinations | unreal perceptual or sensory experiences
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| Disorganized thought and speech | grossly disorganized patterns of speech
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| Disorganized or catatonic behavior | behavior that is highly unpredictable, is bizarre, and/or shows a complete lack of responsiveness to the outside world (eg, motionlessness for long periods, untriggered outbursts)
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| Persecutory delusion | false belief that oneself or one’s loved ones are being persecuted, watched, or conspired against by others
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| Delusion of reference | belief that random events are directed at oneself
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| Grandiose delusion | false belief that one has great power, knowledge, or talent or that one is a famous and powerful person
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| Delusions of being controlled (definition) | beliefs that one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are being imposed or controlled by an external force
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| Types of delusions of being controlled | thought broadcasting, thought insertion, thought withdrawal
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| Thought broadcasting | belief that one’s thoughts are being broadcast from one’s mind for others to hear. a type of delusion of being controlled.
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| Thought insertion | belief that another person is inserting thoughts into one’s head. A type of delusion of being controlled.
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| Thought withdrawal | belief that thoughts are being removed from one’s head by another person or an object. A type of delusion of being controlled.
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| Delusion of guilt or sin | false belief that one has committed a terrible act or is responsible for a terrible event
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| Somatic delusion | false belief that one’s appearance or part of one’s body is diseased or altered
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| Loosening of associations aka derailment | a form of schizophrenic disorganization in which there is a tendency to slip from one topic to an unrelated topic with little coherent transition
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| Word Salad | when the speech is so disorganized that is is totally incoherent to the listener
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| Neologisms | words that are made up that have meaning only to that person
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| Clangs | associations made between words, based on sounds of the words rather than content. Eg, “dog. Dog is spog. Frog. Leap. Heap, steep, creep, gotta go beep.”
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| Perservate on a word | saying it over and over again
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| Smooth pursuit eye movement aka eye tracking | keeping head still and tracking a moving object. Schizophrenics show deficits in this.
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| Working memory | ability to hold information in memory and manipulate it
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| Catatonia | a group of disorganized behaviors that reflect an extreme lack of responsiveness to the outside world
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| Catatonic excitement | person becomes wildly aggressive for no apparent reason and is difficult to subdue
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| Affective flattening aka blunted affect | severe reduction or complete absence of affective responses to the environment
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| Alogia | severe reduction or complete absence of speech
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| Avolition | inability to persist at common, goal-oriented tasks (eg, inability to get dressed)
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| Examples of negative sx | blunted affect, alogia, avolition
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| Inappropriate affect | eg, laughing at sad things or crying at happy things
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| Anhedonia | loss of interest in everything in life, incl loss of ability to experience emotion
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| Impaired social skills | eg, difficulty in holding conversations, maintaining relationships, holding a job, etc.
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| Poor prognosis: predominantly positive or neg sx | negative sx
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| Respond better to meds: positive or negative sx | positive sx
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| Root words in schizophrenia | schizein=split; phren=mind
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| Prodromal symptoms | in schizophrenia, milder sx PRIOR to an acute phase
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| Residual symptoms | in schizophrenia, milder symptoms FOLLOWING an acute phase
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| 5 types of schizophrenia in dsm-iv-tr | 1. paranoid, 2. disorganized, 3. catatonic, 4. undifferentiated, 5. residual
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| major features of paranoid schizophrenia | delusions and hallucinations with themes of persecution and grandiosity
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| major features of disorganized schizophrenia | incoherence in cognition, speech, and behavior and flat or inappropriate affect
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| major features of catatonic schizophrenia | nearly total unresponsiveness to the environment, as well as motor and verbal abnormalities
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| major features of undifferentiated schizophrenia | diagnosed when a person experiences schizophrenic symptoms but does not meet the criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic schizophrenia
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| residual schizophrenia | hx of at least one episode of acute positive sx but currently no prominent positive symptoms
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| more favorable prognosis: men or women | women. Women hospitalized less often and for briefer periods, show milder negative sx, have better social adjustment
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| excess of this neurotransmitter is associated w/ schizophrenic sx | dopamine
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| biological theories of schizophrenia | genetics, enlarged ventricles, reduced volume/density of frontal/temporal/limbic areas, birth complications esp O2 loss, prenatal virus exposure, dopamine
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| ventricles | fluid-filled spaces in the brain
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| enlarged ventricles | the structural brain abnormality found in schizophrenia. Suggest atrophy in other brain tissue. Assoc w/ tendency to show social, emotional, and behavioral deficits long before core sx of schizophrenia develop.
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| Who shows more severely enlarged ventricles: men or women | men. This may partly explain their greater severity and worse prognosis.
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| Prefrontal cortex | important in language, emotional expression, planning/producing new ideas, and mediation of social interactions
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| Prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia | smaller and less activity in some schizophrenics, especially those with negative symptoms >>> leads to wide range of deficits in cognition, emotion, and social interactions
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| Limbic system | involved in emotion and cognition, has connections to prefrontal cortex
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| Basal ganglia | involved in motor movement, has connection to the prefrontal cortex
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| Hippocampus | plays critical role in formation of long-term memories
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| Hippocampus in schizophrenia | abnormal activation when doing tasks that require encoding info for storage in memory or to retrieve info from memory, abnormal volume/shape of cells >>> leads to difficulty in recalling information
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| Perinatal hypoxia | oxygen deprivation during labor and delivery
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