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schizophrenia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Schizophrenia | at least one month of acute symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought and speech, disorganized behavior, and negative sx and at least 6 months of some sx of disorder |
| Schizophreniform disorder | same sx as schizophrenia, lasting more than 1 month but less than 6 months |
| Schizoaffective disorder | sx of schizophrenia coinciding with sx of depression or mania, but at least a 2-week period when only sx of schizophrenia present |
| Delusional disorder | evidence only of nonbizarre delusions for at least 1 month; functioning at relatively high level |
| Brief psychotic disorder | presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized seech or behavior for at least one day but less than one month |
| Shared psychotic disorder | the individual in a close relationship with someone who is delusional with similar delusions |
| Folie a deux | aka shared psychotic disorder |
| Substance-induced psychotic disorder | hallucinations or delusions caused by the direct physiological effects of a substance |
| Torrey’s *SAFE* attitude | the key for families coping with schizophrenia. /S/ense of humor; /A/ cceptance of illness, /F/amily balance, /E/xpectations that are realistic |
| Positive symptoms aka type 1 sx | unusual perceptions, thoughts, or behaviors |
| Negative symptoms aka type 2 sx | losses/deficits in certain domains, absence of usual emotions and behaviors |
| Examples of positive sx | delustions, hallucinations, disorganized thought and speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior |
| Delusions | beliefs with little grounding in reality |
| Hallucinations | unreal perceptual or sensory experiences |
| Disorganized thought and speech | grossly disorganized patterns of speech |
| Disorganized or catatonic behavior | behavior that is highly unpredictable, is bizarre, and/or shows a complete lack of responsiveness to the outside world (eg, motionlessness for long periods, untriggered outbursts) |
| Persecutory delusion | false belief that oneself or one’s loved ones are being persecuted, watched, or conspired against by others |
| Delusion of reference | belief that random events are directed at oneself |
| Grandiose delusion | false belief that one has great power, knowledge, or talent or that one is a famous and powerful person |
| Delusions of being controlled (definition) | beliefs that one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are being imposed or controlled by an external force |
| Types of delusions of being controlled | thought broadcasting, thought insertion, thought withdrawal |
| Thought broadcasting | belief that one’s thoughts are being broadcast from one’s mind for others to hear. a type of delusion of being controlled. |
| Thought insertion | belief that another person is inserting thoughts into one’s head. A type of delusion of being controlled. |
| Thought withdrawal | belief that thoughts are being removed from one’s head by another person or an object. A type of delusion of being controlled. |
| Delusion of guilt or sin | false belief that one has committed a terrible act or is responsible for a terrible event |
| Somatic delusion | false belief that one’s appearance or part of one’s body is diseased or altered |
| Loosening of associations aka derailment | a form of schizophrenic disorganization in which there is a tendency to slip from one topic to an unrelated topic with little coherent transition |
| Word Salad | when the speech is so disorganized that is is totally incoherent to the listener |
| Neologisms | words that are made up that have meaning only to that person |
| Clangs | associations made between words, based on sounds of the words rather than content. Eg, “dog. Dog is spog. Frog. Leap. Heap, steep, creep, gotta go beep.” |
| Perservate on a word | saying it over and over again |
| Smooth pursuit eye movement aka eye tracking | keeping head still and tracking a moving object. Schizophrenics show deficits in this. |
| Working memory | ability to hold information in memory and manipulate it |
| Catatonia | a group of disorganized behaviors that reflect an extreme lack of responsiveness to the outside world |
| Catatonic excitement | person becomes wildly aggressive for no apparent reason and is difficult to subdue |
| Affective flattening aka blunted affect | severe reduction or complete absence of affective responses to the environment |
| Alogia | severe reduction or complete absence of speech |
| Avolition | inability to persist at common, goal-oriented tasks (eg, inability to get dressed) |
| Examples of negative sx | blunted affect, alogia, avolition |
| Inappropriate affect | eg, laughing at sad things or crying at happy things |
| Anhedonia | loss of interest in everything in life, incl loss of ability to experience emotion |
| Impaired social skills | eg, difficulty in holding conversations, maintaining relationships, holding a job, etc. |
| Poor prognosis: predominantly positive or neg sx | negative sx |
| Respond better to meds: positive or negative sx | positive sx |
| Root words in schizophrenia | schizein=split; phren=mind |
| Prodromal symptoms | in schizophrenia, milder sx PRIOR to an acute phase |
| Residual symptoms | in schizophrenia, milder symptoms FOLLOWING an acute phase |
| 5 types of schizophrenia in dsm-iv-tr | 1. paranoid, 2. disorganized, 3. catatonic, 4. undifferentiated, 5. residual |
| major features of paranoid schizophrenia | delusions and hallucinations with themes of persecution and grandiosity |
| major features of disorganized schizophrenia | incoherence in cognition, speech, and behavior and flat or inappropriate affect |
| major features of catatonic schizophrenia | nearly total unresponsiveness to the environment, as well as motor and verbal abnormalities |
| major features of undifferentiated schizophrenia | diagnosed when a person experiences schizophrenic symptoms but does not meet the criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic schizophrenia |
| residual schizophrenia | hx of at least one episode of acute positive sx but currently no prominent positive symptoms |
| more favorable prognosis: men or women | women. Women hospitalized less often and for briefer periods, show milder negative sx, have better social adjustment |
| excess of this neurotransmitter is associated w/ schizophrenic sx | dopamine |
| biological theories of schizophrenia | genetics, enlarged ventricles, reduced volume/density of frontal/temporal/limbic areas, birth complications esp O2 loss, prenatal virus exposure, dopamine |
| ventricles | fluid-filled spaces in the brain |
| enlarged ventricles | the structural brain abnormality found in schizophrenia. Suggest atrophy in other brain tissue. Assoc w/ tendency to show social, emotional, and behavioral deficits long before core sx of schizophrenia develop. |
| Who shows more severely enlarged ventricles: men or women | men. This may partly explain their greater severity and worse prognosis. |
| Prefrontal cortex | important in language, emotional expression, planning/producing new ideas, and mediation of social interactions |
| Prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia | smaller and less activity in some schizophrenics, especially those with negative symptoms >>> leads to wide range of deficits in cognition, emotion, and social interactions |
| Limbic system | involved in emotion and cognition, has connections to prefrontal cortex |
| Basal ganglia | involved in motor movement, has connection to the prefrontal cortex |
| Hippocampus | plays critical role in formation of long-term memories |
| Hippocampus in schizophrenia | abnormal activation when doing tasks that require encoding info for storage in memory or to retrieve info from memory, abnormal volume/shape of cells >>> leads to difficulty in recalling information |
| Perinatal hypoxia | oxygen deprivation during labor and delivery |
Created by:
jondoh
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