Earth Science Vocab
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| sediment deposited by running water | alluvium
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| fossil gum from the sap of ancient plants; may contain trapped and preserved insects and spiders | amber
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| on the ocean floor | benthic
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| giant summit depression of a volcano | caldera
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| chemical substance containing more than one element in fixed amounts | compound
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| curved fracture which is characteristic of some rocks and minerals such as quartz | conchoidal
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| theoretical shift of continents due to weakness in the suboceanic crust | continental drift
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| outer layer of the earth's surface | crust
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| separate from a solution or melt as a solid | crystallize
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| triangular-shaped deposit at the mouth of a stream | delta
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| mass of a body divided by its volume; | density
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| chemical and physical processes which transform soft sediment into consolidated rock; these take place near the earth's surface at low temperatures and pressures | diagenesis
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| movement of the earth's crust, creating mountains, oceans, and ocean basins | diastrophism
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| intrusion of igneous rock in older rocks with a high angle of dip | dike
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| glacial hill | drumlin
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| hills of loose sand created by wind | dunes
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| part of earth's surface that is directly above the origin of an earthquake | epicenter
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| division of geologic time smaller than a period, such as pliocene | epoch
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| gradual wearing away of the earh's surface by wind, water, and ice | erosion
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| the face or slope of a cliff | escarpment
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| cracking or peeling of rocks on the surface | exfoliation
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| molten, volcanic rocks which have cooled on the surface of the earth | extrusive
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| break or fracture in earth's crust | fault
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| crack in the earth's interior through which lava flows | fissure
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| bend in the rock strata | fold
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| consisting of thin parallel layers, as in mica | foliation
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| mold, cast, or impression of all or part of ancient organisms that has been preserved in earh's crust; | fossil
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| study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth | geology
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| energy from the heat within earth's crust | geothermal energy
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| natural hot spring that intermittently ejects water and steam into the air | geyser
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| large body of slow moving ice and snow formed in areas where the rate of snowfall exceeds the rate of snow melt; | glacier
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| crystals with hollowed faces | hopper crystals
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| organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon provide natural resources such as fossil fuels | hydrocarbon
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| study of the effects of water on the earth's surface, soil, underlying rocks, and atmosphere | hydrology
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| rocks formed when molten material in or on earth's surface cools and hardens | igneous rocks
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| igneous material formed among pre-existing rocks below the surface | intrusive
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| crack in a rock mass that occurs as pressure decreases on that rock mass because the overlying rock is eroded away permitting the rock mass to expand | joint
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| depression in a glacier deposit formed by the melting of a covered block of ice | kettle
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| molten rock mixed with gases within the earth from which igneous rock is formed | magma
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| layer of earth just beneath the crust | mantle
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| to wander; riverbeds wander and widen as each flows through the path of least resistance, frequently giving a snake like path | meander
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| elements that are solid having characteristic luster, malleability, and high electrical and heat conductivity | metals
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| rocks that are formed when existing rocks undergo pressure and heat for extended periods of time | metamorphic rocks
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| naturally occuring, inorganic nongaseous substances wiht limited chemical variablitiy and distinctive internal crystalline structure | mineral
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| two or more substances combined in any amounts so that each retains its chemical identity | mixture
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| glacial deposits of gravel, sand, and boulders | moraine
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| natural mineral deposit from which metal can be extracted | ore
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| scientist who studies ancient life in fossil form | paleontologist
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| huge blocks of rocks that make up earth's crust | plates
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| ends of the axis of a planet; the ends of a magnet | poles
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| force per unit area | pressure
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| radioactive, gaseous chemical element formed by the decay of uranium in rocks and soil | radon
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| the sugary rock texture observed in marbles and quartzites | saccharoidal
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| coloration in certain minerals due to minute, rod-like inclusions of voids, iron ore, and other minerals | schillerization
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| medium to coarse metamorphic rocks composed of parallel layers such as mica and talc | schist
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| rocks formed by consolidation of sedimetns; examples: limestone, sandstone, shale | sedimentary rocks
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| instrument that measures and records the direction, intensity, and time of an earthquake | seismograph
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| scientists who study earth movements | seismologists
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| results when forces cause two adjacent parts of a solid to slide past one another in directions that are parallel to the plane of contact | shearing
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| most abundant group of minerals found in earth's crust | silicate
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| solid particles larger than clay particles but smaller than sand grains | silt
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| a by-product, resulting from a metallurgical process, which floats on molten metal | slag
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| ration of the weight of an object to the weight of an equal volume of water | specific gravity
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| distinct layers of sedimentary rocks | strata
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| fold in rock strata in which layers lean together from opposite sides; opposite of anticline; downfolded rock layers | syncline
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| geology of earth's structural deformation | tectonics
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| strong forward motion causing a horizontal movement of earth's crust | thrust
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| uppermost layer of soil | topsoil
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| condensable gas | vapor
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| an opening inearth's surface permitting the escape of gases, liquids, fumes, etc; the main lava chamber in the neck of a volcano | vent
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| processes that physically and chemically break apart and change rocks | weathering
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| gravitational force that earth exerts on an object | weight
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