Osmosis, Membrane Structure, Active Transport
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| Turgor pressure | rigidity or stiffness of plants because of water pressure in central vacuole
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| what does hypertonic do | shrink
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| what does hypotonic do | swell
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| what does isotonic do | no change
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| facilitated diffusion | diffusion with aid of channel and carrier proteins
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| diffusion | high to low concentration
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| equilibrium | molecules equally distribute across available area
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| the ability of a molecule or atom to diffuse through a membrane depend on what three factors? | size, charge, polar/nonpolar
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| osmosis | water diffusing from high to low concentration across a membrane
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| active transport | moves molecules across membrane using ATP energy
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| what does active transport require | ATP energy
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| active transport moves atoms or molecules against... | concentration gradient
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| how does active transport change solute concentration on either side of the membrane? | maintains the difference in concentration
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| hypotonic | high water low solute concentration
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| hypertonic | high solute low water concentration
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| isotonic | equal water and solute concentration
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| channel protein | provide a pathway through the lipid bilayer for a charged substance to pass
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| what ions or molecules pass through a channel protein and why? | charged substances because the fatty acid tails don't have a charge so they don't like them
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| what are the two parts of the phospholipid bilayer? | phosphate group head, and 2 fatty acid tails
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| describe the phosphate head of the phospolipid bilayer | it is polar and hydrophilic
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| describe the fatty acid tails of the phospholipid bilayer | it is non polar and hydrophobic
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| receptor proteins | receive and transmit messages from outside the cell and transport this signal into the cell
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| permeable membrane | membrane which things can pass through
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| semipermeable membrane | only some things can pass through
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| endocytosis | cells import large particles
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| pinocytosis | cell drinking. brings in droplets of extracellular fluid
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| phagocytosis | cell eating. moves large particles or whole organisms into cell
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| exocytosis | vesicles join the membrane dumping out contents
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| why is fresh water sprayed on vegetables in a supermarket | because the water makes the cells become turgid and look healthy and fresh
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| what are some molecules that can pass through the lipid bilayer and why? | O2 CO2 NH3. because they are small and nonpolar
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| what is the purpose of the sodium potassium pump? | to maintain original concentration for signals
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| how does the sodium potassium pump change the concentration of ions on either side of the membrane? | pushes Na out, and pulls K in
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| how does the sodium potassium pump work? | pushes out 3 Na and pulls in 2 K
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| how does a coupled channel work? | two molecules will enter the cell together while one moves up concentration gradient and one moves down concentration gradient
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| amphipathic | a molecule with difference in polarity between 2 ends resulting in a difference in water solubility
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| concentration gradient | 2 different areas of solute
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| electrical gradient | concentration gradient of ions
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| extracellular fluid | fluid outside cell
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| glycoprotein | membrane carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins
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| hydrophilic | water loving
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| hydrophobic | water hating
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| integral protein | protein that is the entire width of bilayer (transport/channel protein)
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| interstitual fluid (IF) | fluid in between cells
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| intracellular fluid (ICF) | fluid inside cell
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| passive transport | substances move down their concentration gradient with no expended energy
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| receptor mediated endocytosis | protein receptors will collect and move specific molecules into cell
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| selective permeable | chooses what passes through
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| vesicle | helps dump things out of membrane in exocytosis
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| functions of plasma membrane | isolate cell contents from environment, regulate exchange of essential substances, communicate with other cells, creates attachments within and between other cells, regulates biochemical reactions
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| why do phospholipids take the bilayer form when placed in water? | because of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
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| what in animal membranes keeps them flexible? | cholesterol
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| what feature makes the membrane fluid? | unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds creating kinks
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| why do caribous hooves have more unsaturated fatty acids? | to keep the cell membrane fluid when it is cold
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| what are the roles that proteins in the cell play? | transport important substances, membrane structure, cell identification, acquire food, remove waste
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| fluid | substance that can move or change shape in response to external forces
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| solute | substance that can be dissolved in a solvent
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| solvent | fluid capable of dissolving a solute
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| concentration | number of something in a given volume unit
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| gradient | physical difference in temperature, pressure, charge, or concentration in two adjacent regions
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| what do substances move in response to? | concentration gradient
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| the greater the concentration gradient the faster... | the rate of diffusion
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| membrane proteins and phospholipids can limit the things that can cross but not.... | the direction of movement
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| what kind of hings do cell membrane let cross? examples | small nonpolar O2 CO2 NH3
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| what kinds of things do cell membranes not let cross? examples | large polar sugars, ions, water
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| what does the flow of water across a membrane depend on? | the concentration of solutes in the internal or external solutions
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| aquaporins | special protein channels water crosses the cell membrane in
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| what is it called when a plant cell is in a hypotonic solution | turgid
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| what is it called when a plant cell is in an isotonic solution | flaccid
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| what is it called when a plant cell is in a hypertonic solution | plasmolyzed
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| what are the 6 major functions of membrane proteins? | transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.
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| what stops the central vacuole from swelling? | cell wall
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| what 2 factors decided which way water will move through a membrane? | solute concentration, difference between solute concentration
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| recognition proteins | protein that marks and identifies an unknown cell
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