For Final Exam
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| Medicalization | The process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such
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| Role Theory | individuals take on roles in society like actors
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| Sick Role | the social rights and obligations of a sick individual
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| Morbidity | illness in a general sense
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| The Whitehall Study | attempted to control for the differences between and among men in different occupations or social positions
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| Selection Theory | genetics and biology determine both health and SES
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| Drift explanation | health causes social position
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| Social Determinants Theory | social position determines health
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| Census | define family by 2 or more people living together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption
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| Social Science | a relationship by blood, marriage, or affection, in which members may cooperate economically may care for children, and may consider their identity to be intimately connected to the larger group
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| Nuclear Family | familial form consisting of a father, a mother, and their children
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| Extended Family | kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family
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| Family of Orientation | the family that you are born into
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| Family of Procreation | the family you make through marriage, partnering, and/or parenthood
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| Fictive Kin | nonrelatives whose bonds are strong and intimate
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| Monogamy | marriage between two spouses
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| Polygamy | a system that allows for more than one spouse at a time
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| Polyandry | marriage in which husbands can have more than one wife
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| Polygyny | marriage in which wives can have more than one husband
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| Legal Marriage | a legally binding agreement or contractual relationship between 2 people and is defined and regulated by the state
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| Social Marriage | relationship between 2 people who cohabit and engage in behavior that is essentially that same as that within a legal marriage, but without engaging in a marriage ceremony validated by the state
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| Marital Decline Perspective | marriage is increasingly being threatened by the hedonistic pursuits of personal happiness at the expense of long-term commitment
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| Marital Resilience Perspective | marriage is no weaker than in the past, but that all families need an increase in structural supports over time
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| Cohabitation | an arrangement in which 2 people live together without being married
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| What is the most common type of household in contemporary US? | duel earner or single parent
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| The glass ceiling | an invisible barrier to moving up your occupation
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| The glass escalator | the propensity for men entering traditionally female occupations to get promotions at a higher rate
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| The gender gap in pay | the difference between men and women's earnings in the workforce. current US average is 79%
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| Human Capital Theory | women have lower human capital
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| Routine household labor | non-discrectionary, routine tasks that cant be postponed such as cooking and cleaning
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| Occasional household labor | household tasks that are more time-flexible and discretionary such as household repairs and yard work
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| Family work at home. Who does what? | men perform more occasional labor but women do 3x more housework than men if married
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| Time availability perspective of household labor | suggests that the division of labor is determined by the need for household labor such as the number of children and each partners availibility to perform household tasks
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| Relative resource perspective of household labor | the greater the relative amount for value of resources contributed by a partner, the greater the power in the relationship
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| The "second shift" | unpaid housework that a wife does after her paid employment
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| Politics | methods and tactics intended to influence government policy, attitudes and activities
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| Government | the formal agency that exercises power and control society, the ability to create and enforce laws
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| Dictatorship | political power in concentrated into the hands of a few (or one) elites who control resources
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| Monarchy | a government rules by a king or queen with the succession of rulers kept within the family
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| Democracy | a political system in which all citizens have the right to participate
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| Authority | the legitimate, non coercive exercise of power
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| Domination by authority | the willing obedience of the ruled to the commands of legitmate authority
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| Coercion | implicit threat of physical force
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| Paradox of authority | the state's authority is derived from an implicit threat of physical force, however, when the state must use force, they are stripped of authority
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| Citizenship rights | the rights guaranteed to each law abiding citizen in a nation-state
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| Civil Rights | guaranteeing a citizen's personal freedom from interference, including freedom of speech and the right to travel freely
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| Political rights | guaranteeing a citizen's ability to participate in politics
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| Social Rights | guaranteeing a citizen's protection from the state
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| Branches of government | executive- president
legislative-congress and senate
judicial- supreme court
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| Pluralist model | a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and power
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| the power elite | a small group of people in the top ranks of economic, political, and military institutions make decisions for the larger populations
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| the civic volunteerism model | an individual is more likely to vote if they feel strongly about a particular political issue and/or have a strong political orientation
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| Education | the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools both general and specific are transmitted to individuals
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| Tracking | the placement of students into educational "track" or programs of study that determine the types of classes students have
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| Hidden Curriculum | the nonacademic and less over socialization functions of schooling
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| Social capital | the info, knowledge of people and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks
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| Cultural Capital | the symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations
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| Symbolic interactionalism of inequality in education | teachers attitudes of student unintentionally influence the students performance
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| Conflict theory of inequality in education | larger social inequality has an effect of education within school systems, schools, and classrooms
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| Structural Functionalism of inequality in education | inequality in education is preperation for occupational inequalities later in life; class inequalities
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| Credentialism | an overemphasis on credentials for signalling social status or qualifications of jobs
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| Meritocracy | status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and acheivement
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| SATs and sociological research | prediction of a student's potential for college. research has proven that it does not predict college outcomes about high school GPA and class rank, and there are racial inequalities
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| Religion | any institutionalized system of shared beliefs and rituals that identify a relationship with the sacred the profane
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| Belief | a proposition of idea held on the basis of faith
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| Ritual | a practice based on religion
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| Sacred | the holy, divine, or supernatural
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| Profane | ordinary
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| Structural Functionalism approach to religion | shapes everyday behaviors by providing morals, values, and norms, gives meaning to human life, provides the opportunity for social connection
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| Conflict theory approach to religion | religion perpetuates inequality (macro)
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| Symbolic Interactionism approach to religion | how religion is incorporated into everyday life (micro)
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| Extrinsic Religiosity | a person's public display of commitment to a religious faith
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| Intrinsic Religiosity | a person's inner religious faith with a personal relationship to the divine
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| Fundamentalism | emphasizing literary interpretation of texts
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| Evangelical | conservative christians who emphasize converting others to their faith
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| Unchurched | those who consider themselves spiritual rather than religious
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| Secular | nonreligious, does not endorse any religion
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| Collective action | takes place in group and diverges from the social norms of the situation
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| Mass Collective action | action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation
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| Emergence | the first stage of a social movement, occurring when the social problem being addressed is first identified
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| Coalescence | the second stage of a social movement, in which resources are mobilized around the problems outlined in the first stage
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| Routinization | the final stage of social movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the cause; the clear, rule-governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making
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| What is the aim of all social movements? | change society
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| What do sociologists mean when they talk about social change? | transformations in social institutions, political organizations, and cultural norms across time
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| The causes of social change | demographics, politics, culture
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| Alternative social movement | seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people
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| Redemptive social movement | target specific groups but advocate for more radical change in behavior
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| Reformative social movement | advocate for limited social change across an entire society
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| Revolutionary social movement | advocate the radical reorganization of society
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