Bio Final (Exam 3)
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| clade | species that share a common ancestor by as indicated by the possession of shared derived characteristics
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| homology | existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different species
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| cladistics | a taxonomic technique used for creating hierarchies of organisms that represent true phylogeny and evolutionary relationships. only shared characteristics are considered informative about evolutionary relationships
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| derived characteristics | similarity inherited from the most recent common ancestor of the entire group
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| ancestral characteristics | similarity from before the most common ancestor of the group
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| homoplasy | shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor (convergent evolution)
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| cladogram | visual representation of a hypothesis of evolutionary history
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| paraphyletic | a common ancestor with some of its descendants
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| monophyletic | a common ancestor and all of its descendants
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| polyphyletic | doesn't include the most recent common ancestor of all the organisms
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| parsimony | the theory with the fewest assumptions is most likely to be correct
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| phylogeny | evolutionary history of an organism, including which species are closely related
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| ontogeny | origin and development of an organism from embryo to adult
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| synapomorphy | derived character that is shared by clade members
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| symplesiomorphy | alternate term for ancestral trait
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| ingroup | the species whose evolutionary history is being studied
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| outgroup | species which diverged before the common ancestor of the rest of the species in the clade
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| biological species concept | species are those that can interbreed
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| phylogenetic species concept | smallest set of organism that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other such sets
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| taxonomy | science of classifying living things
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| binomial nomenclature | the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species
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| domain | the highest level of organization
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| 7 properties of life | made of cells
require energy
grow and reproduce
adapted to their environment
ordered complexity
respond to stimuli
maintain homeostasis
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| relative dating of fossils | compare the local strata of rock, with deeper indicating older
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| absolute dating of fossils | use the half-life of various isotopes to pin down the exact age of fossils
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| Miller-Urey experiment | found that the early atmosphere of Earth could give rise to organic compounds
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| order of classification | Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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| memory trick for the orders of classification | Dear king Phillip comes over for great sex
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| endosymbiosis | mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be free bacteria which were engulfed by early prokaryotes.
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| cyanobacteria | photosynthetic bacteria
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| bacterial shapes | bacillus, coccus and spirillum
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| bacillus | rod shaped
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| coccus | sphere shaped
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| spirillum | helical shaped
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| flagellum | long, thread like structures which protrude from the surface of a cell and are used in locomotion
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| peptidoglycan | component of bacteria's cell wall, consisting of carbohydrate polymers
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| horizontal gene transfer | passage of genes between species or within a generation
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| nucleoid region | area of a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is contained
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| gram positive bacteria | large amounts of peptidoglycan and are turned purple by gram-staining
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| gram negative bacteria | small amounts of peptidoglycan and turned pink by gram-staining
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| prokaryotes | cells lacking a membrane bound nucleus and organelles
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| eukaryotes | cells with a membrane bound nucleus and organelles
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| organelles | areas within a cell that perform a specific function
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| extinction | death of all individuals within a species
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| endemic hotspot | a location in which many endemic species occur
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| endemic species | a species which only occurs in one place
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| biodiversity | a measure of how many different species occur in an area
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| introduced species | a species brought to an area where it doesn't occur naturally
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| keystone species | one which exerts an oversized influence on the ecosystem
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| autotroph (producer) | makes it own energy
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| hetertroph (consumer) | gets energy from other organisms
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| ways that people screw up the environment | pollution
over-exploitation
habitat destruction
introduction of non-native species
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