Bio Final (last one)
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| eukaryote | a cell with membranes dividing and forming organelles
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| protist | group within the domain eukarya. cell walls are made of chitin and it is unicellular
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| monophyletic | an ancestor and all of its descendants
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| choanoflagellate | unicellular organisms that are most like the common ancestor of the sponges, and indeed all animals
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| phototroph | Organisms that use the light to carry out various cellular metabolic processes
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| budding | reproduction through one area developing into an adult
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| polyphletic | various clades on a phylogenetic tree
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| paraphyletic | an ancestor and some of its descendants
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| asexual reproduction | when an organism can reproduce by itself
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| sexual reproduction | do I really need to explain this one?
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| endosymbiosis | the theory that certain organelles (especially mitochondria and chloroplasts) were bacteria which were engulfed and became symbionts
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| phagotrophs | protists that ingest visible particles of food by pulling them into intracellular vesicles called food vacuoles or phagosomes.
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| osmotrophs | Protists that ingest food in soluble form
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| mixotrophs | protists that are both heterotrophs and autotrophs
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| diplomonads | have two nuclei, no mitochondria, and move using flagella
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| parabasalids | similar to diplomonads, but also use undulating membranes to move
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| euglenoids | are often mixotroph with some at either extreme, have interlocking proteinaceous trips in a helical pattern formigna flexible pellicle
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| kinetoplastids | unique single mitochondria in each cell. parasitism is common and it causes African sleeping sickness
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| dinoflagellates | most are photosynthetic with two flagella. They have plates made of a cellulose-like material.
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| apicomplexans | spore forming parasites of animals. includes plasmodium (which causes malaria)
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| ciliates | have large numbers of cilia. contain both a micronucleus and macronuclues. micronucleus is only needed for sexual reproduction to occur
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| choanoflagellates | unicellular organisms with a single emergent flagellum with a funnel-shaped contractile collar
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| groups within euglenozoa | euglenoids and kinetoplastids
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| groups within alyeolata | dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates
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| why are choanoflagellates of interest in evolution? | they are a common ancestor of all animals
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| what parasite causes malaria | plasmodium falciparum (a apicomplexans)
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| guard cells | pairs of sausage shaped cells which surround stomata and control their opening and closing
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| turgor pressure | the water pressure within plant cells
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| osmotic potential | the tendency of water to move either into or out of an area
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| xylem | tube used to conduct water up the plant. Made of hollow dead cells aligned end-to-end
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| phloem | tube which transports nutrients from a source to a sink. Composed of sieve cells and sieve-tube members
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| stomata | the holes in leaves through which oxygen, CO2, and water vapor pass
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| sieve tube | cells with clusters of pores. The sieve areas with larger pores are known as sieve plates. When arraigned end to end, they're known as sieve tubes.
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| casparian strip | strips which are impervious to water and force it to go through the cell membranes of the endodermis
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| symplast route | continuum of cytoplasm between cells connected by plasmodesmata
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| translocation | the movement of nutrients through a plant
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| active transport | transport which requires energy
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| transpiration | the process of water loss through the stomata of the leaves
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| factors which promote diffusion | moisture, thin surfaces, short distance, high pressure, strong concentration gradient, large surface area
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| phloem loading | process through which carbohydrates enter the sieve tubes in the smallest veins at the source. Passing through the sieve cell requires energy, so this is a form of active transport
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| cohesion | sticking to itself
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| adhesion | sticking to something else
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| trans-membrane route | membrane transport between cells and across the membranes of vacuoles within cells
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| source and sink | the source is where something comes from and is produced whereas the sink is where it goes and is consumed
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| cohesion-tension theory | the leading theory to explain how water moves up tall plants. As water is lost to transpiration, more water is pulled up by cohesion, as the xylem creates an unbroken chain of water molecules through which the pull is passed
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| mycorrhizae | fungi associated with the roots of plants which help turn various nutrients into forms which are useful for plants (nitrogen fixation)
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| micronutrients | 7 nutrients which plants only required in trace amounts
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| macronutrients | 9 nutrients which plants require in abundance
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur
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| essential amino acids | the 8 amino acids which humans cannot synthesize and get from their diets
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| essential fatty acids | the fatty acids which humans cannot synthesize
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| omnivore | eats both meat and vegetables
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| polysaccharides | large carbohydrates used for energy storage and structural componants
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| lipases | the enzymes in the small intestine which break down lipids
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| nucleases | enzyme which breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides
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| emulsification | the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides
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| ruminant | animals which rechew regurgitated food. They have a multi-chambered (4) stomach
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| lymphatic system | an open circulatory system which deals with the extra extrastitial fluid. the fluid in the lymphatic system is known as lymph
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| amylase | the enzyme which digests starch. There is some in the mouth, and more is added by the pancreas in the small intestine
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| proteases | enzymes which digest proteins (such as pepsin)
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| hiliobacter pylori | bacterium which is responsible for most stomach ulcers
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| bile | substance produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Helps with emulsification
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| ulcer | hole in the wall of the stomach or small intestine
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| alimentary canal | the path food travels from mouth to anus
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| accessory structures of the digestive system | pancreas, gallbaldder, liver, and salivary glands
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| digestion | the breakdown of food into nutrients
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| absorption | the uptake of the nutrients freed in digestion
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| intracellular digestion | the digestion of food within the cell, occurs in unicellular organisms and sponges
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| extracellular digestion | digestion in a cavity outside of the cells, common in extracellular organism. That cavity can be continuous with the external environment
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| crop and gizzard | the gizzard is a chamber in bird stomachs containing rocks which fill the role of teeth in breaking down food. The crop is a thin walled area used for temporary food storage
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| villi and microvilli | small finger like projections which increase surface area to improve absorption
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| lacteals | capillaries of the lymphatic system. They have a slightly bigger opening
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| gallbladder | accessory digestive organ where bile is stored
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| pancreas | accessory digestive organ responsible for secreting insulin and digestive enzymes
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| chylomicron | small particles made of triglycerides and proteins which are too big to enter the blood through intestine and enter the lymphatic system instead
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| insulin | hormone which causes glucose in the blood to be taken up and stored as glucogen
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| glucagon | the enzyme which causes glucogen to be released into the blood as glucose
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| gas exchange | the diffusion of gasses across a membrane
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| diffusion | the movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration without the use of energy
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| partial pressure of gasses | the abundance of a gas in an area. pO2 of air=.21 atm
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| atmospheric pressure | the pressure of air at sea level
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| countercurrent exchange | water and blood move past each other in opposite directions in fish's gills to maximize oxygen uptake
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| tracheal system of insects | small cuticle lined branching system which transmit gas throughout the body, with oxygen diffusing directly into cells
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| alveoli | the small sacs where gas diffusion actually takes place in the lungs
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| capillaries | the smallest and most thinly-walled blood vessels where diffusion actually occurs
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| respiratory pigment | molecules which increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (such as hemoglobin)
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| hemoglobin | protein made of four polypeptide chains and four heme groups. At the center of each heme group is an iron atom, which can bond to an oxygen
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| hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve | a visual representation of the amount of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen at various pO2's
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| gills | location of gas exchange in fish (fish lungs)
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| lungs | seriously?
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| larynx | the voice box
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| trachea | the windpipe
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| bronchi | large tubes to the lungs
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| bronchioles | the smaller branches from the bronchi
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| homeostasis | maintaining a relatively stable condition in an internal environment
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| requirements of the respiratory system | moisture, concentration gradient, large surface area, thin membranes, short distances
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| gastrovascular cavity | a cavity which serves the role of both digestive system and circulatory system. Occurs in small animals such as hydra
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| cardiovascular system | another term for the circulatory system. It allows both nutrients and waste to be transported throughout the body to where they need to be
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| plasma | the fluid matrix of blood
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| hemolymph | the fluid which is pumped in open circulatory systems. It is both the blood and the interstitial fluid
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| leucocytes | white blood cells which deal with pathogens
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| erythrocytes | red blood cells. they lack nuclei and are doughnut shaped
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| sinoatrial node | source of the electrical stimulus responsible for a heartbeat
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| atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) | the network of fibers in the heart which conduct the depolarization wave across the ventricles
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| pulmocutaneous circulation | breathing through the skin. Can be done by amphibians
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| open circulatory system | one in which either there are no blood vessels or those vessels aren't a closed system. The blood mixes with the interstitial fluid and is known as hemolymph
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| closed circulatory system | one in which the blood vessels form a closed system
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| path of blood through the heart | vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventrical, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventrical, aortic similunar valve, aorta
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| role of valves in veins | to keep blood moving in the correct direction. Useful for blood going against gravity
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| structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries | endothelium, elastic layer, smooth muscle, connective tissue
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| 6 supergroups of protists | excavata
chromalveolata
archaeplastida
rhizaria
ameobozoans
ophisthokonts
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| rumination | food is stored in the rumen to be digested by bacteria and protists. the food is then regurgitated for rumination. it is then swallowed again and digested for real
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