6A: Think, Lang, Int
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| Cognition | thinking, problem solving, decision-making, knowing, remembering & communicating.
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| Creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
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| Convergent Thinking | thinking to discover a single established correct answer
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| Divergent Thinking | thinking that produces many ideas or alternatives
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| Concepts | mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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| Prototypes | best, most perfect example of a concept
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| Trial-and-error | guess-and-check; may not find solution
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| Algorithm | methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solution
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| Heuristic | shortcuts to solve problems
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| Insight | "a-ha" moment to solve problems
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| Confirmation Bias | tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
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| Fixation | inability to see a problem from a new perspective
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| Mental Set | tendency to approach a problem in a particular way,
especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem.
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| Functional Fixedness | to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
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| Representativeness Heuristic | decision made b/c it seems to match preexisting mental categories
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| Availability Heuristic | judgment or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved (available in memory)
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| Overconfidence | tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
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| Framing | the way an issue is posed;
how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
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| Belief Bias | tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
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| Belief Perseverance | clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
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| Artificial Intelligence | science of designing and programing computer systems to do intelligent things and to stimulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language.
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| Language | spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
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| Phoneme | smallest distinctive sound unit.
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| Morpheme | smallest unit that carries meaning
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| Grammar | system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
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| Semantics | set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language;
also, the study of meaning.
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| Syntax | rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
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| Pragmatics | impact of contextual cues on word and sentence meanings
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| Babbling Stage | infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
3-4 months
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| One-Word Stage | during which a child speaks mostly in single words
age 1 to 2 years
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| Two-Word Stage | child speaks mostly two-word statements.
2 years old
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| Telegraphic Speech | Uses only nouns and verbs during two-word stage
"Go car"
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| Overgeneralization | Adding improper endings or beginnings to words b/c they do not know grammar rules yet
like "go-ed" instead of "went"
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| Linguistic Relativism/Determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines (or at least influences) the way we think.
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| Intelligence | ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
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| g-factor | From Spearman; general intelligence - common underlying intelligence
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| s-factor | From Spearman; specific intelligence for specific abilities
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| savant | condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
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| analytical intelligence | ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving
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| creative intelligence | bility to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
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| practical intelligence | dealing with ill-defined, everyday tasks with many solutions, street smarts
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| intelligence quotient (IQ) | mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 units (thus, IQ= ma/ca x 100)
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| Cognitively disabled | condition of limited mental ability
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| Gifted | Refers to superior IQ combined with demonstrated or potential ability in such areas as academic aptitude, creativity, and leadership
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| Emotional Intelligence | ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
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| Aptitude Test | designed to predict a person's future performance
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| Achievement test | designed to assess what a person has learned
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| surface structure | the particular words and phrases used to make up a sentence
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| deep structure | the underlying meaning of a sentence
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