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6A: Think, Lang, Int

TermDefinition
Cognition thinking, problem solving, decision-making, knowing, remembering & communicating.
Creativity the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Convergent Thinking thinking to discover a single established correct answer
Divergent Thinking thinking that produces many ideas or alternatives
Concepts mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Prototypes best, most perfect example of a concept
Trial-and-error guess-and-check; may not find solution
Algorithm methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solution
Heuristic shortcuts to solve problems
Insight "a-ha" moment to solve problems
Confirmation Bias tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
Fixation inability to see a problem from a new perspective
Mental Set tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem.
Functional Fixedness to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
Representativeness Heuristic decision made b/c it seems to match preexisting mental categories
Availability Heuristic judgment or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved (available in memory)
Overconfidence tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
Framing the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
Belief Bias tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
Belief Perseverance clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
Artificial Intelligence science of designing and programing computer systems to do intelligent things and to stimulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language.
Language spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Phoneme smallest distinctive sound unit.
Morpheme smallest unit that carries meaning
Grammar system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
Semantics set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
Syntax rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
Pragmatics impact of contextual cues on word and sentence meanings
Babbling Stage infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. 3-4 months
One-Word Stage during which a child speaks mostly in single words age 1 to 2 years
Two-Word Stage child speaks mostly two-word statements. 2 years old
Telegraphic Speech Uses only nouns and verbs during two-word stage "Go car"
Overgeneralization Adding improper endings or beginnings to words b/c they do not know grammar rules yet like "go-ed" instead of "went"
Linguistic Relativism/Determinism Whorf's hypothesis that language determines (or at least influences) the way we think.
Intelligence ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
g-factor From Spearman; general intelligence - common underlying intelligence
s-factor From Spearman; specific intelligence for specific abilities
savant condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
analytical intelligence ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving
creative intelligence bility to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
practical intelligence dealing with ill-defined, everyday tasks with many solutions, street smarts
intelligence quotient (IQ) mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 units (thus, IQ= ma/ca x 100)
Cognitively disabled condition of limited mental ability
Gifted Refers to superior IQ combined with demonstrated or potential ability in such areas as academic aptitude, creativity, and leadership
Emotional Intelligence ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
Aptitude Test designed to predict a person's future performance
Achievement test designed to assess what a person has learned
surface structure the particular words and phrases used to make up a sentence
deep structure the underlying meaning of a sentence
Created by: deleted user
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