Cell Energy
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| Aerobic process | A metabolic process that requires oxygen
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| Chlorophyll | A pigmented molecule that absorbs specific wavelengths of light. It gives plants and some algae their color.
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| Chloroplast | Double-membrane organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis
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| Electron transport chain | Series of compounds that move electrons along a membrane. This is coupled with the transport of protons and used to create energy.
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| Endosymbiotic theory | Explains that eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells.
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| Fermentation | Process after glycolysis allowing limited production of ATP in the absence of oxygen.
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| Glucose | Widely used sugar molecule by living organisms with the formula C6H12O6 (ring structure)
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| Glycolysis | Anaerobic process; first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. Occurs in the cytoplasm
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| Granum | One of the stacks of pigment-containing thylakoids in a plant's chloroplasts.
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| Krebs cycle | Series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into CO2 inside the mitochondria; 2nd stage of cellular respiration
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| Light reaction | Part of photosynthesis, these reactions take place in the thylakoids of the chloroplast and provide energy for the production of glucose in the next stage.
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| Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
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| Mitochondria | Membrane-bound organelles that convert fuel into energy that is useable by the cell.
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| Photosynthesis | Two-phase anabolic pathway in which the sun's light energy is converted into chemical energy (glucose).
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| Pigment | Light-absorbing colored molecule such as chlorophyll and carotenoid in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
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| Stroma | Fluid-filled space outside the grana in the chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place.
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| Thermodynamics | Study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe
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| Thylakoid | In chloroplasts, one of the stacked, flattened, pigment-containing membranes in which the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.
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| Aerobic respiration | Metabolic process in which pyruvate is broken down and electron-carrier molecules are used to produce ATP through electron transport. Occurs in the mitochondrion
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| Anaerobic process | Metabolic process that does not require oxygen
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| ATP | Energy-carrying biological molecule which when broken down provides energy for cellular activities.
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| Calvin Cycle | Light-independent reactions during phase 2 of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in glucose molecules.
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| Carbohydrate | Organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; source of fuel/energy
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| Cellular respiration | Catabolic pathway in which organic molecules (such as glucose) are broken down to release energy (ATP) for use by the cell.
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