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Cell Energy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aerobic process | A metabolic process that requires oxygen |
| Chlorophyll | A pigmented molecule that absorbs specific wavelengths of light. It gives plants and some algae their color. |
| Chloroplast | Double-membrane organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis |
| Electron transport chain | Series of compounds that move electrons along a membrane. This is coupled with the transport of protons and used to create energy. |
| Endosymbiotic theory | Explains that eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells. |
| Fermentation | Process after glycolysis allowing limited production of ATP in the absence of oxygen. |
| Glucose | Widely used sugar molecule by living organisms with the formula C6H12O6 (ring structure) |
| Glycolysis | Anaerobic process; first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. Occurs in the cytoplasm |
| Granum | One of the stacks of pigment-containing thylakoids in a plant's chloroplasts. |
| Krebs cycle | Series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into CO2 inside the mitochondria; 2nd stage of cellular respiration |
| Light reaction | Part of photosynthesis, these reactions take place in the thylakoids of the chloroplast and provide energy for the production of glucose in the next stage. |
| Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| Mitochondria | Membrane-bound organelles that convert fuel into energy that is useable by the cell. |
| Photosynthesis | Two-phase anabolic pathway in which the sun's light energy is converted into chemical energy (glucose). |
| Pigment | Light-absorbing colored molecule such as chlorophyll and carotenoid in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. |
| Stroma | Fluid-filled space outside the grana in the chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place. |
| Thermodynamics | Study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe |
| Thylakoid | In chloroplasts, one of the stacked, flattened, pigment-containing membranes in which the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur. |
| Aerobic respiration | Metabolic process in which pyruvate is broken down and electron-carrier molecules are used to produce ATP through electron transport. Occurs in the mitochondrion |
| Anaerobic process | Metabolic process that does not require oxygen |
| ATP | Energy-carrying biological molecule which when broken down provides energy for cellular activities. |
| Calvin Cycle | Light-independent reactions during phase 2 of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in glucose molecules. |
| Carbohydrate | Organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; source of fuel/energy |
| Cellular respiration | Catabolic pathway in which organic molecules (such as glucose) are broken down to release energy (ATP) for use by the cell. |
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