For Bio Final
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| Seven characteristics of living organisms |
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| What is homeostasis? | the maintaining of a healthy and stable envrironment
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| How does reaction rate change with temp in biological reactions? | raises
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| How does reaction rate change with pH in biological reactions? | bell shaped curve
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| What is pH? | measure of Hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
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| What is a buffer and how does it work? | a solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it because conjugate acid and base are present
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| What is metabolism? | set of life-sustaining chemical transformations
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| What is anabolism? | set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units
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| Catabolism? | breakdown molecules to smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy, or used in other anabolic reactions
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| What is an exergonic reaction? | releasing energy, spontaneous, complex----> simple
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| What is an endergonic reaction? | require energy, not spontaneous, simple -----> complex
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| What is the energy of activation in an exergonic reaction? | progress shown by the line
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| What ways does an enzyme change a chemical reaction? | 1. speeds up
2. lowers energy of activation
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| What is phosplorylation and what impacts can it have on biological molecules? | sticking a phosphate group on an organic molecule. Can regulate catalytic activity of the protein and recruit neighboring proteins
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| What is hydrophobic and how does it relate to polar and non polar molecules? | non polar= hydrophobic
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| What is hydrophilic and how does it relate to polar and non polar molecules? | polar= partially positive and partially negative, dissolve in water making it hydrophilic
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| What is special about carbon atoms that make them central to our organic molecules? | easy to bond to, can form many bonds
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| Types of chemical bonds? | Covalent- e+ from the outer shell of 2 atoms are shared w/ each other in order to complete both shells
Hydrogen- when 1 H- from a polar molecule becomes electrically attached to an electronegative atom in another polar atom
Ionic- cation binds to anion
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| What is an electroneutral bond? |
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| types of carbs? | monosaccharides- simple sugars
disaccharides- high fructose corn syrup
polysaccharides- glycogen, starch, cellulose
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| What polysaccharide is the primary form of stored carbohydrate in animal cells? plant cells? | glycogen
starch
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| What polysaccharide make up the cell walls of plants? | cellulose
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| What is the primary structure of proteins and how important is it to the function of proteins? | polypeptide strand
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| What is the 3D structure of proteins and is it important to their function? How can that structure be changed to modulate the function of the protein? | polypeptide strand
helix
pleated sheet
myoglobin molecule
hemoglobin
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| What are the components of a lipid? | fatty acid- hydrophobic
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| What is a saturated lipid? | H-C-H
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| What is an unsaturated lipid? | H H H H
I I I I
C- C=C- C
I I
H H
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| What are two other names for lipids? | fat, fatty acids
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| Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic? | hydrophobic
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| How do you make a phosopholipid from a lipid? | Glycerol backbone and two fatty acids
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| What is the special property we observe in phospholipid molecules? | Amphipathic- both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
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| What are phosopholipids well suited for making the primary component of biological membranes? | selectively permeable, like water
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| In what form with phosopholipids spontanteously form that resembles the primary structure of a biological membrane? | semi-permeable membrane
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| What characteristic of this primary structure automatically makes it selectively permeable? What does it let through and what does it prevent from moving through? | excludes water and other polar molecules
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| How important is this property of semi-permeability and why? | prevents other materials from destroying the cell
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| Based on what you know about this primary structure, should water be able to pass through it? Why or why not? |
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| If water passes through how does it to it? |
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| What is an aquaporin? | specific pore proteins that only let water through
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| What is diffusion through a biological membrane? name criteria | movement of a molecular species from an area of high concentration to low concentration. permeable membrane.
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| Define osmosis and how it allows a system to move toward an equilibrium | movement of water from low concentration to high to achieve equilibrium
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| What are the two types of carrier-mediated transport discussed in class? | facilitated diffusion and saturated kinetics
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| Why to carrier-mediated transport system display saturation kinetics? (What are saturation kinetics?) | movement of glucose subsides
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| What is facilitated diffusion and what is the energy source for it? | spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. gradient.
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| What are the properties of facilitated diffusion? | specific, needs alot in order to move glucose
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| What is active transport and what is the energy source for it? | carrier-mediated transport from an area of low concentration to high
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| What is exocytosis? | materials are secreted out of the cell
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| What is endocytosis? | materials enter the cell
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| What are the properties of enzyme function? | specificity, active site, saturation kinetics, competitive inhibition, non competitive inhibition, irreversable inhibitors, allosteric modulation, cofactors and coenzymes
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| What is the substrate? | molecule that interacts with enzyme to produce reaction
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| What is enzyme specificity and what properties of the enzyme and substrate determine it? | could be very specific to fairly general
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| Why do enzymes show saturation kinetics? | increase enzyme concentration. more enzymes= higher saturation rate
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| What is allosteric modulation and how does it work? | modulation that occurs due to interaction of modulator at a site other than the active site
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| What is competitive inhibition of enzyme activity? | binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate
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| What is non-competitive inhibition of enzyme activity? | binds to the enzyme away from the active site, altering the shape of the enzyme so that even if the substrate can bind, the active site functions less effectively
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| Can you reverse competitive inhibition by increasing substrate concentration? |
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| Can you reverse non-competitive inhibition by increasing substrate concentration? |
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