Revision for DNA/proteins/GE
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| The order of bases in DNA determines order of... | amino acids
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| enzymes are made of | protein
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| What is the function of hormones | chemical messengers
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| what protein defends the body against disease | antibodies
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| what protein speeds up chemical reactions | enzymes
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| a ring of genetic material in a bacteria is a | plasmid
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| enzymes are also called this | biological catalysts
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| breaks down H2O2 to oxygen and water | catalase
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| breaks down protein to amino acids | pepsin
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| breaks down starch to maltose | amylase
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| breaks down fats to fatty acid and glycerol | lipase
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| DNA and mRNA are made of | nucleotides
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| enzyme reactions work best at the | optimum
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| where an enzyme binds with a substrate | active site
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| this happens to enzymes at high temperatures | denatures
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| enzyme involved In a synthesis reaction | phosphorylase
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| enzymes only work on one substrate, they are | specific
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| carries genetic code from nucleus to the ribosome | mRNA
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| where protein synthesis occurs | Ribosome
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| base partner of A | T
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| base partner of T | A
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| base partner of G | C
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| base partner of C | G
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| where AEROBIC respiration occurs | mitochondria
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| process to transfer human genes to bacteria | genetic engineering
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| modified plasmids are placed here | a different bacteria cell
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| human hormone produced by genetic engineering | insulin
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| genetic information can pass between bacteria this way | horizontal gene transfer i.e. plasmids transferred between bacteria
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| What is the enzyme that breaks down fat | lipase
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| What is the enzyme that breaks down protein | pepsin
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| What is the enzyme that breaks down starch | amylase
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| What is the enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide | catalase
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| what is the enzyme that makes starch | phosphorylase
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| what is the enzyme that makes amino acids | pepsin
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| What does catalase reacting with hydrogen peroxide produce | water and oxygen
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| what does amylase reacting with starch produce | maltose
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| Name a degrading enzyme | catalase OR amylase OR pepsin OR lipase
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| what is the optimum pH for catalase | 9 (alkali)
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| What is the optimum pH for pepsin | 3 (acid)
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| What two products does lipase reacting with fat produce | fatty acids and glycerol
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| what are the three parts to a DNA nucleotide | sugar, phosphate and base
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| What is the 3D structure of DNA called | double helix
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| What does DNA code for | protein
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| Where is DNA found | nucleus
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| What is the journey of a mRNA molecule when it carries the genetic code | nucleus to ribosome
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| What two effects does the order of amino acids cause | the structure and therefore the function of the protein
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| Name 4 types of proteins | antibodies, enzymes, receptors, hormones and structural proteins
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| what is the function of structural proteins | to provide support in membrane
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| what is the function of receptors | to bind with a specific hormone at the target tissue
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| what structures on chromosomes code for a specific protein | genes
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| what is meant by complementary bases | A and T, C and G
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| Name a differences between DNA and RNA | DNA has 2 strands and RNA is only 1 strand
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| What is meant by denaturing | change the shape of the active site
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| Name two factors that affect enzymes | pH and temperature
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| what molecule cuts genes out of chromosomes in genetic engineering | enzymes
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| What is the first stage of genetic engineering | identify section of DNA that contains required gene from chromosome
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| What is the second stage of genetic engineering after identifying gene on chromosome | extract required gene with enzymes
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| What is the third stage of genetic engineering after extracting gene from chromosome | extract plasmid from bacterial cell and cut open with enzymes
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| What is the fourth stage of genetic engineering after extracting plasmid for bacterial cell | insert human gene into plasmid
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| What is the fifth stage of genetic engineering after | insert plasmid into different bacteria
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| What is the sixth stage of genetic engineering after inserting plasmid into different bacteria | grow bacteria in fermenter and extract protein produced
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| Give an advantage of genetic engineering | produce large quantities of protein OR fast process
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| Give an example of a genetically engineered protein | insulin OR human growth hormone
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