Higher Unit
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| Function of PCR | amplify DNA
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| Why cool to 60 degrees in PCR | primer attaches to DNA template
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| Why heat to 90 degrees in PCR | DNA denatures to seperate strands
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| Why heat to 70 degrees in PCR | DNA polymerase replicates DNA by adding free DNA nucleotides to 3 end
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| 1st stage of DNA replication | Double helix of DNA unwinds
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| 2nd stage of DNA replication | H bonds break between bases
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| 3rd stage of DNA replication | primer attaches to lead and lag strand at 3 end
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| 4th stage of DNA replication | DNA polymerase adds free nucelotides to 3 end
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| 5th stage Of DNA replication | lag strand replication in fragments, lead strand replicated continuously
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| 6th stage of DNA replication | ligases seals DNA fragments together
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| role of DNA polymerase | adds free DNA nucelotides to 3 end
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| Role of ligase in DNA polymerase | joins lag fragments
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| what type of speciation occurs from geographic barriers | allopatric
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| what type of speciation occurs from behavioural barriers | sympatric
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| what type of speciation occurs from ecological barriers | sympatric
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| what are areas where closely related species interbreed | hybrid zones
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| how are hybrids removed from gene pool | natural selection
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| what is a practical application of PCR | forensics/paterntity tests
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| 2 roles of stem cells | mitosis and differentiation
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| what is differentiation | turning genes on or off to make specific protein
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| advantage of differentiation | saves ATP
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| unspecialised cells of plants | meristem
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| unspecialised cell in animals | stem
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| 2 types of stem cell | adult and embryo
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| ethical issue of stem cells | destroys embryo
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| 3 domains of life | bacteria archaea and eukaryoate
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| we all derive from a ... | common ancestor
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| types of graphs for studying evolution | phylogenetics and molecular clocks
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| therapeutic use of stem cells | grow organs from stem cells for transplant OR inject stems cells which specialises into pancreas cells to treat diabetes
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| why undertake stem cell research | to learn more about differentiation/mitosis OR to learn more about diseases or for drug testing by using model cells
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| how can DNA be transferred | vertical or horizontal
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| which technique is faster to transfer DNA | horizontal
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| transferring DNA from parent to offspring is termed | vertical gene transfer
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| what type of vertical gene transfer offers variety | sexual
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| what is meant by antiparallel in DNA | one strand 5' to 3' other strand 3' to 5'
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| what direction does DNA replication occur | 5' to 3'
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| What does a eukaryote have that prokaryotes do not have | nucleus
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| what are the two components of the backbone of DNA | deoxyribose and phosphate
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| what enzyme replicates DNA | DNA polymerase
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| Why must DNA polymerase be heat tolerant | present which DNA is denatured at high temperatures/90 degrees and does not denature
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| What are the short pieces of DNA used to start DNA replication | primers
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| what is stage one of making a protein called | transcription
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| what is stage two of making a protein called | translation
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| name a post translational modification | add phosphate/carbohydrate or cut and combine protein
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| what type of organism undergo post translational modification | only eukaryotes (why yeast is a better vector than bacteria)
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| Name the enzyme involved in synthesis of primary transcript | RNA polymerase
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| Name a role of RNA polymerase | unwinds double helix or breaks hydrogen bonds between bases or adds free RNA nucleotides to primary transcript
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| what is the role of mRNA | takes code from nucleus to ribosome
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| what is the genome | all heriditory information contained in DNA
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| what are non coding regions called | introns
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| what are coding regions called | exons
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| Name a role of introns | transcribed but not translated OR regulates transcription
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| A role of tRNA is | to bind to a specific AA or takes AA to ribosome
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| DO tRNA molecules have codons or anticodons | anticodons
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| Name the three gene mutations | deletion insertion and subsitution
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| what is a frameshift mutation | affects all AA after mutation
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| what type of gene mutations are frameshift | deletion and insertion
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| what is a gene mutation | random change to base sequene
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| what is a chromosome structure mutation | random change to sequence of GENES on chromosome
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| what are the 4 types of chromosome structure mutation | duplication translocation inversion and insertion
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| what is non disjunction | when all spindle fibres fail during cell division (not mitosis)
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| what is a polyploidy plant | has at least one extra set of chromosome (3n, 4, or 5n)
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| what Is hybrid vigour | when hybrid is disease resistant/produces increased yield
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| what type of chromosome structure can be advantageous in terms of evolution | duplication
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| how using bioinformatics be used to work out how related two species are | look at DNA base sequence/sequence data and the more similar the sequence the more related the two species
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