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Higher Unit 2
Higher Unit
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Function of PCR | amplify DNA |
| Why cool to 60 degrees in PCR | primer attaches to DNA template |
| Why heat to 90 degrees in PCR | DNA denatures to seperate strands |
| Why heat to 70 degrees in PCR | DNA polymerase replicates DNA by adding free DNA nucleotides to 3 end |
| 1st stage of DNA replication | Double helix of DNA unwinds |
| 2nd stage of DNA replication | H bonds break between bases |
| 3rd stage of DNA replication | primer attaches to lead and lag strand at 3 end |
| 4th stage of DNA replication | DNA polymerase adds free nucelotides to 3 end |
| 5th stage Of DNA replication | lag strand replication in fragments, lead strand replicated continuously |
| 6th stage of DNA replication | ligases seals DNA fragments together |
| role of DNA polymerase | adds free DNA nucelotides to 3 end |
| Role of ligase in DNA polymerase | joins lag fragments |
| what type of speciation occurs from geographic barriers | allopatric |
| what type of speciation occurs from behavioural barriers | sympatric |
| what type of speciation occurs from ecological barriers | sympatric |
| what are areas where closely related species interbreed | hybrid zones |
| how are hybrids removed from gene pool | natural selection |
| what is a practical application of PCR | forensics/paterntity tests |
| 2 roles of stem cells | mitosis and differentiation |
| what is differentiation | turning genes on or off to make specific protein |
| advantage of differentiation | saves ATP |
| unspecialised cells of plants | meristem |
| unspecialised cell in animals | stem |
| 2 types of stem cell | adult and embryo |
| ethical issue of stem cells | destroys embryo |
| 3 domains of life | bacteria archaea and eukaryoate |
| we all derive from a ... | common ancestor |
| types of graphs for studying evolution | phylogenetics and molecular clocks |
| therapeutic use of stem cells | grow organs from stem cells for transplant OR inject stems cells which specialises into pancreas cells to treat diabetes |
| why undertake stem cell research | to learn more about differentiation/mitosis OR to learn more about diseases or for drug testing by using model cells |
| how can DNA be transferred | vertical or horizontal |
| which technique is faster to transfer DNA | horizontal |
| transferring DNA from parent to offspring is termed | vertical gene transfer |
| what type of vertical gene transfer offers variety | sexual |
| what is meant by antiparallel in DNA | one strand 5' to 3' other strand 3' to 5' |
| what direction does DNA replication occur | 5' to 3' |
| What does a eukaryote have that prokaryotes do not have | nucleus |
| what are the two components of the backbone of DNA | deoxyribose and phosphate |
| what enzyme replicates DNA | DNA polymerase |
| Why must DNA polymerase be heat tolerant | present which DNA is denatured at high temperatures/90 degrees and does not denature |
| What are the short pieces of DNA used to start DNA replication | primers |
| what is stage one of making a protein called | transcription |
| what is stage two of making a protein called | translation |
| name a post translational modification | add phosphate/carbohydrate or cut and combine protein |
| what type of organism undergo post translational modification | only eukaryotes (why yeast is a better vector than bacteria) |
| Name the enzyme involved in synthesis of primary transcript | RNA polymerase |
| Name a role of RNA polymerase | unwinds double helix or breaks hydrogen bonds between bases or adds free RNA nucleotides to primary transcript |
| what is the role of mRNA | takes code from nucleus to ribosome |
| what is the genome | all heriditory information contained in DNA |
| what are non coding regions called | introns |
| what are coding regions called | exons |
| Name a role of introns | transcribed but not translated OR regulates transcription |
| A role of tRNA is | to bind to a specific AA or takes AA to ribosome |
| DO tRNA molecules have codons or anticodons | anticodons |
| Name the three gene mutations | deletion insertion and subsitution |
| what is a frameshift mutation | affects all AA after mutation |
| what type of gene mutations are frameshift | deletion and insertion |
| what is a gene mutation | random change to base sequene |
| what is a chromosome structure mutation | random change to sequence of GENES on chromosome |
| what are the 4 types of chromosome structure mutation | duplication translocation inversion and insertion |
| what is non disjunction | when all spindle fibres fail during cell division (not mitosis) |
| what is a polyploidy plant | has at least one extra set of chromosome (3n, 4, or 5n) |
| what Is hybrid vigour | when hybrid is disease resistant/produces increased yield |
| what type of chromosome structure can be advantageous in terms of evolution | duplication |
| how using bioinformatics be used to work out how related two species are | look at DNA base sequence/sequence data and the more similar the sequence the more related the two species |
Created by:
kyle_academy
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